Modeling Sprint Cycling Using Field-Derived Parameters and Forward Integration

Martin, James C.; Gardner, Andrew S.; Barras, Martin; Martin, David T.

doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000193560.34022.04

Cited by 94 publications

(138 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Cycling speed was calculated using a previously validated equation of motion (Martin et al, 1998) and forward integration (2 Hz) accounted for effects of acceleration (Martin et al, 2006). The model validated by Martin et al (1998) expressed power output as a function of the mechanical influences normally experienced during cycling i.e.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Speed at the next time point (S2) is then a function of the initial speed, acceleration and the sampling frequency (f); S2 = S1 + a/f (Martin et al, 2006). From point 2 forward, speed is predicted using power data only.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From point 2 forward, speed is predicted using power data only. Forward integration (Martin et al, 2006) of the equation of motion (Martin et al, 1998) was applied using customised software written to match the pacing strategies described above (Matlab, 2009a, Mathworks, U.S.A). Each trial assumed a starting speed of 1 m·s -1 and all trials started with the higher power of the imposed pacing strategy ("fast-start").…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A harmonic mean is a more appropriate statistic for quantifying the central tendency of data that is the form of a rate (Ferger, 1931). Therefore the aim of the current study was to use validated equations of motion (Martin, Gardner, Barras, & Martin, 2006;Martin, Milliken, Cobb, McFadden, & Coggan, 1998), to investigate effects of variations in power output during simulated time-trials in constant conditions, using greater frequencies of variation and ranges of distances than previously examined while accounting for effects of acceleration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of magnitude and frequency of variations in external power output on simulated cycling time-trial performance

Wells

Atkinson

Marwood

2013

Journal of Sports Sciences

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Mechanical models of cycling time-trial performance have indicated adverse effects of variations in external power output on overall performance times.Nevertheless, the precise influences of the magnitude and number of these variations over different distances of time trial are unclear. A hypothetical cyclist (body mass 70 kg, bicycle mass 10 kg) was studied using a mathematical model of cycling, which included the effects of acceleration. Performance times were modelled over distances of 4-40 km, mean power outputs of 200-600 W, power variation amplitudes of 5-15% and variation frequencies of 2-32 per timetrial. Effects of a "fast-start" strategy were compared with those of a constantpower strategy. Varying power improved 4-km performance at all power outputs, with the greatest improvement being 0.90 s for ±15% power variation.For distances of 16.1-, 20-and 40-km, varying power by ±15% increased times by 3.29, 4.46 and 10.43 s respectively, suggesting that in long-duration cycling in constant environmental conditions, cyclists should strive to reduce power variation to maximise performance. The novel finding of the present study is that these effects are augmented with increasing event distance, amplitude and period of variation. These two latter factors reflect a poor adherence to a constant speed.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Effects of magnitude and frequency of variations in external power output on simulated cycling time-trial performance

Wells

Atkinson

Marwood

2013

Journal of Sports Sciences

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“…Furthermore, maximal power is highly impulsive, and instantaneous power within each cycle can be up to 185% of power averaged over the entire cycle (P REV ). The highest values reported in the literature for power averaged over the entire cycle are over 2500 W. 6 Although pedaling rate is the most common velocity term for describing cycling, it actually constrains 2 physiological phenomena. Pedaling rate, in conjunction with crank length, determines pedal speed and thereby sets shortening velocity for uniarticular muscles that span the hip, knee, and ankle.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding Sprint-Cycling Performance: The Integration of Muscle Power, Resistance, and Modeling

Martin

Davidson

Pardyjak³

2007

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

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Sprint-cycling performance is paramount to competitive success in over half the world-championship and Olympic races in the sport of cycling. This review examines the current knowledge behind the interaction of propulsive and resistive forces that determine sprint performance. Because of recent innovation in fi eld power-measuring devices, actual data from both elite track-and road-cycling sprint performances provide additional insight into key performance determinants and allow for the construction of complex models of sprint-cycling performance suitable for forward integration. Modeling of various strategic scenarios using a variety of fi eld and laboratory data can highlight the relative value for certain tactically driven choices during competition.Key Words: exercise performance, physical performance, sport, sport physiology, biomechanics, anaerobicOf the 28 world-championship races governed by the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI), 8 are all-out sprint events (menʼs and womenʼs sprint, 500/1000-m time trial, Keirin, and BMX), 4 are often decided in the fi nishing sprint (menʼs and womenʼs road race and scratch race), and 2 require repeated sprints (menʼs and womenʼs points race). Thus, sprint performance is a major determinant of most world-championship racing events. Ultimately, sprint performance represents equilibrium of propulsive power and resistance. In this article, we will review factors that infl uence maximal cycling power and cycling resistance and the limited investigations exploring sprint-bicycling performance. Sprint-performance articles are quite limited because devices that accurately quantify power during actual bicycling have only recently been developed and validated. Finally, we will integrate aspects of muscle power and resistance in the context of sprint performance.

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Performance analysis and mechanical determinants of the opening lap of the team sprint in elite‐level track cycling

Kordi,

van Rijswijk

2024

European Journal of Sport Science

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The team sprint (TS) is a three‐lap pursuit and the most revered event in track sprint cycling. The opening lap of the TS is an important determinant to the overall performance. But despite it being the most controlled and repeatable task in track sprint cycling, very little data are available to better understand the performance of the opening lap. The aim of this study was split into three‐parts: part one, to better understand the profile and the indices thought to be determinants of the opening lap of the TS in elite sprint track cyclists. Part two of the study examined all available timing splits (15, 65, 125 and 250 m) from 36 standing‐start laps. Part three of the study examined the peak torque outputs and peak power outputs of different various starts performed over a 3‐month period. The results showed time to 125 m exhibited a near perfect relationship with starter lap performance. Very strong relationships were seen with 15 and 65 m split times and final lap performance. Peak torque of the lead starting leg and peak power output were shown to be highly predictive 15 m, 65 and 125 m performance in training. These data suggested the first 15 m is highly important and predicts a disproportionately high level of final opening lap time performance. Therefore, it is likely that peak power output normalised to system mass and peak torque of lead leg is a strong determinant of overall performance in the TS.

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Modeling Sprint Cycling Using Field-Derived Parameters and Forward Integration

Cited by 94 publications

References 10 publications

Effects of magnitude and frequency of variations in external power output on simulated cycling time-trial performance

Effects of magnitude and frequency of variations in external power output on simulated cycling time-trial performance

Understanding Sprint-Cycling Performance: The Integration of Muscle Power, Resistance, and Modeling

Performance analysis and mechanical determinants of the opening lap of the team sprint in elite‐level track cycling

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