Modeling Offshore Discharges of Produced Water

Environmental Radioactivity of TE-NORM Waste Produced from Petroleum Industry in Egypt: Review on Characterization and Treatment

“…The commonly used two steps model of the radionuclide dispersing and diluting in the water in the vicinity of the oil platforms predicts a diluting factor up to 10 3 within minutes and within a few meters of the discharge source [65]. Therefore, additional radium nuclide concentrations in seawater of the local zone could be estimated as equal to around 5-10 Bq/m 3 , in comparison with the 228 Ra was appraised for offshore oil production from Argentina and Brazil [66].…”

Decision support system for risk management of produced water in offshore oil and gas industries

“…Dilution is mainly thought of as occurring in two phases. There is the initial dilution or near-field phase which occurs in the first few minutes, and the far dilution phase that happens several hours later (Baumgartner et al, 1992, Brandsma et al, 1992.…”

Near-field dispersion of produced formation water (PFW) in the Adriatic Sea: An integrated numerical–chemical approach

“…The PFW dilution is parameterized through the mass dilution factor 18 (S a ), which is the ratio between the effluent concentration and the cross sectional average 19 concentration in the plume. For a round shaped outfall, the densimetric Froude number 20 (Brandsma et al, 1992), which provides an estimate of the relative importance of momentum 21 and buoyancy in driving the initial mixing, is defined as: 22 where D is the outfall pipe port diameter, a the ambient density at depth of the port, e the 3 effluent density and g is gravity. U 0 represents the effluent outflow velocity and is given by: 4 5 6 2) 7 8 9 with q is the volume flux at outfall pipe port.…”