Modeling of the Vertical Movements of the Earth’s Crust in Poland with the Co-Kriging Method Based on Various Sources of Data

Kowalczyk, Kamil; Kowalczyk, Anna; Chojka, Agnieszka

doi:10.3390/app10093004

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Less compression is also present in the area of the Galicia-Volyn depression and the regional deflections of the Ukrainian Carpathians. This trend is confirmed in studies of neighboring regions of Poland [Araszkiewicz, et al, 2016;Kowalczyk, 2020]. The compression zone in Zakarpattia region corresponds to the area between SVLV and VYNO stations (see Figs.…”

Section: Legendsupporting

confidence: 70%

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Geodynamics

Tretyak¹,

Brusak²

2022

JGD

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The work analyzes the current horizontal and vertical displacement territory of Western Ukraine according to GNSS data, including the creation of special maps of modern displacements and the allocation of deformation zones of the upper crust. The object of study is the horizontal and vertical deformations of the upper crust. The aim is to identify and analyze deformation zones in Western Ukraine. The initial data are horizontal and vertical velocities of 48 continuous GNSS stations from 2018 to 2021 of Geoterrace network, known tectonic maps of the territory and descriptive materials. The methods include comparison and analysis of modern Earth crust deformations of the region with its known tectonic structure. As a result, for the first time it was possible to create the maps of horizontal velocities of continuous GNSS stations and deformations as well as vertical velocities of GNSS stations of the upper crust of Western Ukraine as a whole region. It is established that the deformations of the territory of Western Ukraine are complex and only partially correlate with the known tectonic structure in the region. Most continuous GNSS stations subside in vertical components, possible due to denudation processes. The Galicia–Volyn depression, however, practically does not subside. On the slopes of the Ukrainian Shield there is a noticeable correlation of vertical displacements and the depth of the surface of crystalline rocks. Zones of compression are identified in Zakarpattia, which corresponds to the Zakarpathian (Transcarpathian) deep fault, and in the north-west of the region. It is necessary to mark the zone around the city of Khmelnytskyi, where abnormal vertical and horizontal displacements are observed. Geodynamic interpretation of anomalous deformation zones is given. Determined velocities of continuous GNSS stations with the increasing observation time interval will make it possible to establish the features of the spatial distribution of Western Ukraine crustal movement as well as create an appropriate regional geodynamic model in the future.

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Section: Legendsupporting

confidence: 70%

“…At the junction of the Galicia-Volyn depression and the edge deflections of the Ukrainian Carpathians, horizontal compression (Δ = -3•10 -8 ) and subsidence of the territory up to -2 mm/year are noticeable. This correlates with the similar dynamics of Poland's neighboring regions [Kowalczyk, 2005[Kowalczyk, , 2020Araszkiewicz, 2016].…”

Section: Legendsupporting

confidence: 67%

Geodynamics

Tretyak¹,

Brusak²

2022

JGD

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“…Another historical study based on measurements from 1953-1958 and 1974-1975 [37] showed values from −2 mm/year to +0.5 mm/year, while the last vertical velocity map developed on the basis of levelling measurements from 1974-1975 and 1998-1999 shows values of approx. −3 mm/year [38]. In turn, the vertical movement velocity map of the Earth's crust in the area of Poland based on the GNSS data in the 2008-2012 period shows values of approx.…”

Section: Characteristics Of the Research Areamentioning

confidence: 97%

Determination of the Long-Term Ground Surface Displacements Using a PSI Technique—Case Study on Wrocław (Poland)

et al. 2020

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Wrocław is a major city located in the southwestern part of Poland in an aseismic tectonic fault zone. Slow, long-term, vertical displacements have been observed there from the 1930s based on the levelling network measurements with the use of a precise levelling method. Due to the high cost of classic surveys, these were performed at intervals of several decades and the most recent measurement of ground surface displacement was performed in 1999. The main aim of this study is to determine the ground surface displacements on the area of Wrocław in the 1995–2019 period, the spatio-temporal analysis of deformations and the identification of the potential factors causing these deformations. To determine the ground movements, an advanced PSI technique and data from ERS-2, Envisat, and Sentinel-1 sensors were used. Application of SAR technology for the first time in this area, provided new knowledge about the process of deformation in short time intervals over the entire area of the city. The results verify the hypothesis on the linearity of displacements obtained from historical geodetic observations. The obtained results show that the displacements, which continue to occur in the area of Wrocław have a cyclic character with 4–5 year long period of subsidence and 2–3 year long periods of stabilization or uplift. The displacement trends indicate that the area of the city gradually subsides in relation to the reference area located on the Fore-Sudetic Block.

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“…It must be assumed that the deterministic part is distributed with space, also known as drift or tendency. The best linear estimation process corresponding to this method is called universal Kriging method [77][78][79][80].…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

The distribution of Van Genuchten model parameters on soil-water characteristic curves in Chinese Loess Plateau and new predicting method on unsaturated permeability coefficient of loess

Fang

Shen

Qi³

et al. 2023

PLoS ONE

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The unsaturated permeability coefficients are often used to solve geotechnical problems associated with unsaturated soils. But it is very difficult to measure. However, the unsaturated permeability coefficients can be predicted by the Soil-water Characteristic Curves (SWCCs). The Van Genuchten Model (VG model) is very rife as it’s smooth and good fitting, thus, it has the most research data. Therefore, the research data on VG model parameters (α, n, θs and θr) of Malan loess in Chinese Loess Plateau are collected in the past two decades to obtain the spatial distribution characteristics of parameters. The trend surface analysis method is employed to clarify the regional scale distribution and the variation regular pattern on ArcGIS. Then the linear regression method is utilized to fit the relationship between suction and water content in three different regions of Chinese Loess Plateau, which is divided according to the properties and particle gradation. By using this relationship and the trend surface analysis contour map, the unsaturated permeability coefficient of the sample can be predicted after measuring the saturated permeability coefficient. The example verification shows that the difference between the prediction results and the experimental results is very small when the sample has the lower saturation, and the deviation is slightly larger if it has the higher saturation, but they are all within the acceptable range. This method not only saves the test cost, but also considers the physical properties of the loess in the three different regions of the Loess Plateau. With the improvement of data and the gradual improvement of sampling density, the prediction accuracy will gradually improve. It can provide convenience for solving the engineering problems of loess and water and other engineering applications.

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Modeling of the Vertical Movements of the Earth’s Crust in Poland with the Co-Kriging Method Based on Various Sources of Data

Cited by 7 publications

References 26 publications

Geodynamics

Geodynamics

Determination of the Long-Term Ground Surface Displacements Using a PSI Technique—Case Study on Wrocław (Poland)

The distribution of Van Genuchten model parameters on soil-water characteristic curves in Chinese Loess Plateau and new predicting method on unsaturated permeability coefficient of loess

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