Modeling of rain attenuation and site diversity predictions for tropical regions

Semire, Folasade Abiola; Mohd‐Mokhtar, Rosmiwati; Ismail, Widad; Mohamad, Norizah; Mandeep, J. S.

doi:10.5194/angeo-33-321-2015

Cited by 18 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Sharan presented work regarding the prediction of rainfall based on an average of three methods where the historical rain data of Bihar were selected for projection and found that the predicted results were quite close to the actual rainfall data for 2013 [23]. Many other researchers have shown that rain is predictable and this information can be used in many applications [24,25].…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Notice of Retraction: Short-term and local rainfall probability prediction based on a dislocation support vector machine model using satellite and in-situ observational data

Chen

et al. 2024

IEEE Access

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Short-term and local rainfall commonly occurs in southern China, and can result in intensive precipitation in the local region over a very short time. Considerable precipitation could cause an intense flood within a city when the runoff exceeds the capacity of a city drainage system. Predicting rainfall probability accurately is among the important scientific problems in meteorology and remains a challenge. In this study, a dislocation machine learning method based on a support vector machine was used to predict short-term and local rainfall probability using Feng Yun II geostationary meteorological satellite imagery and ground in situ observational data. The results were validated by a traditional threat score, which is commonly used in evaluation of weather predictions. The results indicate that the proposed algorithm can achieve good performance for a 1-h to 6-h forecast. The result implies that prediction accuracy could be improved by using a machine

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Notice of Retraction: Short-term and local rainfall probability prediction based on a dislocation support vector machine model using satellite and in-situ observational data

Chen

et al. 2024

IEEE Access

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“…As clarified in the last paragraph, rain characteristics in tropical regions may cause a real obstacle against the propagation of mm‐wave signals. Raindrops may interact with the propagated signal by imposing various physical effects such as scattering, reflection, absorption, depolarization, and rain temperature . Each raindrop will act as an obstacle facing the microwave signal, particularly, when raindrop size is comparable to the signal wavelength as depicted in Figure .…”

Section: Precipitation Impact On Mm‐wavementioning

confidence: 99%

Rain attenuation and worst month statistics verification and modeling for 5G radio link system at 26 GHz in Malaysia

Shayea

Nissirat

Nisirat

et al. 2019

Trans Emerging Tel Tech

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The explosive daily dependence on wireless communication services necessitates the research to establish ultrawideband communication systems with ultrahigh bit rate transmission capabilities. The advent of the fifth-generation (5G) microwave link transmitting at millimeter-wave (mm-wave) frequency band is a promising technology to accommodate the escalating demand for wireless services. In this frequency band, however, the behavior of the transmission channel and its climatic properties are a major concern. This is of particular importance in tropical regions where the climate is mainly rainy with large raindrop size and high rainfall rate that may interact destructively with the propagating signal and cause total attenuation for the signal. International Telecommunication Union (ITU) introduced a global rain attenuation model to characterize the effect of rain on the propagating signal at a wideband of frequencies. The validity of this model in tropical regions is still an open question for research. In this paper, real measurements are conducted at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru, Malaysia, to investigate the impact of rain on the propagation of mm-waves at 26 GHz over the microwave 5G radio link system. Rainfall rate and rain attenuation data sets are collected for one year at one sample per min sampling rate. Both data sets are used to estimate signal propagation conditions in comparison to the ITU model prediction. From the presented results, it is found that at 0.01% percentage of time and rainfall rate of about 120 mm/hr, the propagated signal would experience 26.2 dB losses per kilometer traveled. In addition, there is a significant deviation between the empirical estimation of the worst month parameters and the ITU worst month parameter prediction. Similarly, rainfall rate and rain attenuation estimated through the ITU model imposes a large deviation as compared with the measurements. Furthermore, more accurate empirical worst month parameters are proposed that yielded more accurate estimation of the worst month rainfall and rain attenuation predictions in comparison to the ITU model predictions. Trans Emerging Tel Tech. 2019;30:e3697. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/ett

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“…The effect increases further with higher frequency bands, rainfall rates, longer path length, and larger raindrop sizes. This attenuation, caused by rain, reduces the reliability, systems availability, reception of signal‐to‐interference‐plus‐noise ratio (SINR), and overall performance of the communications link . As a result, rain attenuation is a real and concerning issue facing the implementation of mm‐waves, especially in tropical regions with consistent heavy rainfall such as Malaysia.…”

Section: The Effect Of Rain On the Propagation Of Mm‐wavesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rain attenuation of millimetre wave above 10 GHz for terrestrial links in tropical regions

Shayea

Rahman

Azmi

et al. 2018

Trans Emerging Tel Tech

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Millimeter waves (mm‐waves) within frequency bands of 10 to 86 GHz will be used for both microwave and access link fifth‐generation (5G) systems. Thus, it is very important to investigate these bands to ensure reliability when 5G is applied in tropical regions like Malaysia in the coming few years. One of the major obstacles facing the propagation of mm‐waves in tropical regions is the rain attenuation. Rainfall results in the absorption, scattering, and diffraction of radio waves. This contributes to increased transmission losses and a reduction in the received signal levels. The effect is more severe in tropical regions that are characterized by intense heavy rainfall and large raindrop sizes. This paper provides a general overview on rain attenuation of mm‐wave bands. It highlights the nature of rain in tropical regions and its effects on the propagation of mm‐waves. It also reports the latest measurement studies focused on rain attenuation in mm‐wave frequency bands and the prediction methods used to estimate rain attenuation in mm‐waves. It contributes to the understanding of channel behavior and the characterization of mm‐wave bands during rainfall in tropical regions, especially in Malaysia. This study further strives to determine research gaps in this field as well as the future work and various propagation measurement systems that can be used to conduct real measurements and to develop prediction models for rain attenuation in mm‐waves for 5G systems. Furthermore, this paper analyzes the rain rate and rain attenuation on the basis of real measurement data conducted in Universiti Teknologi Malaysia at Skudai Campus, Malaysia. The analyzed results indicated that the rain attenuation at 38 GHz is critical and it can result in 18.4 dB/km as specific rain attenuation at 0.01% percentage of the time.

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Modeling of rain attenuation and site diversity predictions for tropical regions

Cited by 18 publications

References 20 publications

Notice of Retraction: Short-term and local rainfall probability prediction based on a dislocation support vector machine model using satellite and in-situ observational data

Notice of Retraction: Short-term and local rainfall probability prediction based on a dislocation support vector machine model using satellite and in-situ observational data

Rain attenuation and worst month statistics verification and modeling for 5G radio link system at 26 GHz in Malaysia

Rain attenuation of millimetre wave above 10 GHz for terrestrial links in tropical regions

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