Modeling of ion-exchanged glass waveguide structures

Optical communications networks require integrated photonic components with negligible polarization dependence, which typically means that the waveguides must feature very low birefringence. Recent studies have shown that waveguides with low birefringence can be obtained, e.g., by use of silica-onsilicon waveguides or buried ion-exchanged glass waveguides. However, many integrated photonic circuits consist of waveguides with varying widths. Therefore low birefringence is consequently required for waveguides having different widths. This is a difficult task for most waveguide fabrication technologies. We present experimental results on waveguide birefringence for buried silver-sodium ion-exchanged glass waveguides. We show that the waveguide birefringence of the order of 10 Ϫ6 for waveguide mask opening widths ranging from 2 to 10 m can be obtained by postprocessing the sample through annealing at an elevated temperature. The measured values are in agreement with the values calculated with our modeling software for ion-exchanged glass waveguides. This unique feature of ion-exchanged waveguides may be of significant importance in a wide variety of integrated photonic circuits requiring polarizationindependent operation.

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“…17. Here, D Ag and D Na are the self-diffusion coefficients of silver and sodium ions, respectively, and M ϭ D Ag ͞D Na is their ratio.…”

Section: Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ion-exchanged glass waveguides with low birefringence for a broad range of waveguide widths

2005

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“…86 However, this method is stable only for values of M greater than about 0.1, which excludes several practical ion exchange systems including that of Ag + -Na + exchange in many silicate glasses. It has been shown 97,98 that the alternating direction implicit method of Peaceman and Rachford 99 is stable down to very low values of M. The speed improvement over fully implicit methods such as Crank-Nicolson permits the use of a very fine computational mesh in both space and time. Improvements using adaptive meshes have been presented.…”

Section: Solutions Of the Diffusion Equationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ion-exchanged glass waveguide technology: a review

2011

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Abstract. We review the history and current status of ion exchanged glass waveguide technology. The background of ion exchange in glass and key developments in the first years of research are briefly described. An overview of fabrication, characterization and modeling of waveguides is given and the most important waveguide devices and their applications are discussed. Ion exchanged waveguide technology has served as an available platform for studies of general waveguide properties, integrated optics structures and devices, as well as applications. It is also a commercial fabrication technology for both passive and active waveguide components. C 2011 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).

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“…Using initial values of these parameters, it is possible to derive the ion-concentration distribution [5][6][7][8][9][10][11] and hence the refractive index profile can be found by solving the diffusion equation numerically. Using the calculated refractive index profile, a simulation can be carried out to determine the optical performance of the device.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[5]. To consider the influence of the waveguide width on the refractive index profile, a numerical example of an Ag + -Na + ion-exchange process is presented.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%