Modeling of Fog and Smoke Attenuation in Free Space Optical Communications Link Under Controlled Laboratory Conditions

Ijaz, Muhammad; Ghassemlooy, Zabih; Pešek, Jiří; Fišer, Ondřej; Minh, Hoa Le; Bentley, Edward

doi:10.1109/jlt.2013.2257683

Cited by 172 publications

(118 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…However, theoretical approaches require some parameters that may not be available at the installation location such as particle size, particle distribution, refractive index, etc. [6].…”

Section: Dust Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The second method for signal attenuation calculation which is widely used in literature for practical applications depends on experimental observation [6]. In this method, empirical models are developed using the visibility range data to characterize the channel.…”

Section: Dust Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Visibility data can be obtained easily form meteorological stations located close to the installation location. Visibility is defined as the distance to an object where the image distinction drops to a certain percentage of what would be if the object were nearby instead [6]. Image distinction that drops to 2% and 5% is used to be considered in visibility definition.…”

Section: Dust Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, severe dust storm (dense dust) occurs when the visibility becomes less than 0.2 km where large quantity of dust particles is lifted up by very strong winds. The visibility range can be determined from the signal attenuation coefficient α and the visual threshold T th by [6] where T th =0.02 according to Koschmieder law. The signal attenuation coefficient is given by [6] …”

Section: Dust Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because of the difficulty to predict the occurrence of specific atmospheric effects like fog, rain, smoke, and dust events, and because of the difficulty to repeat the measurements under the same conditions, the authors in [4][5][6][7] made a pioneering but preliminary investigation of the FSO performance using controlled environment (chamber). In particular, the authors in [4] studied the FSO performance using on-off keying (OOK) modulation and pulse position modulation (PPM) schemes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Experimental Study of FSO Link Performance in Desert Environment

2016

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“…However, theoretical approaches require some parameters that may not be available at the installation location such as particle size, particle distribution, refractive index, etc. [6].…”

Section: Dust Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Dust Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Dust Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Dust Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Experimental Study of FSO Link Performance in Desert Environment

2016

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Fabrication of a Periodic Inverse Micropyramid (PIMP)‐Si/In₂Se₃ Heterojunction Photodetector Array for RGB‐IR Image Sensing Application

Zhang

Zhu

Zhen

et al. 2022

Adv Materials Technologies

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Here, the fabrication of an addressable 8 × 8 photodetector array is reported by combining In2Se3 nanofilm with periodic inverse micropyramid‐Si (PIMP‐Si), which is obtained through colloidal lithography and anisotropic wet etching. Due to the unique configuration and the outstanding light trapping effect, the as‐fabricated heterojunction device presents an excellent self‐powered photoresponse over the broadband wavelength range from 265 to 1300 nm, with a peak sensitivity at ≈810 nm. The responsivity, specific detectivity, and rise/fall time are estimated to be 0.58 A W−1, 1.76 × 1012 Jones, and 5.1/18 µs, respectively, which are competitive in comparison with other devices with similar geometries. Meanwhile, the photodetector array displays a satisfactory pixel‐to‐pixel uniformity, which allows the device to record the full‐color image of “HFUT” with satisfying resolution, revealing the potential application of the PIMP‐Si/In2Se3 heterojunction photodetector array for real‐time red‐green‐blue‐infrared image sensing and video capturing.

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Mitigation of atmospheric losses using dual‐polarized 16‐QAM MIMO technique in free‐space optical system in various weather conditions

Singh,

Karuppiah

2024

Int J Communication

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SummaryThe technique to overcome the challenge while implementing the fiber optical link is investigated using an alternative optical link called a free‐space optical (FSO) link with advanced modulation and signal processing techniques. A dual‐polarized 16‐quadrature amplitude‐modulated signal is transmitted over single and multi‐FSO channels under various atmospheric attenuation conditions. High bandwidth and data rates (up to 10 Gbps), unlicensed spectrum (above 300 GHz), and simplicity of deployment are significant benefits of the FSO system. However, the weather conditions of haze, rain, and fog cause signal attenuation when the optical carrier wave is transmitted over free space, and atmospheric turbulence is a challenge to FSO implementation, which degrades the transmission performance of optical signals for long‐distance communication. For 120 Gbps data transmission, the performance of a multi‐input and multi‐output (MIMO) FSO system is evaluated by observing the bit error rate (BER) and received signal constellation diagram. Optical signal‐to‐noise ratio (OSNR) parameters were iterated to determine the optimal value for back‐to‐back, single‐input, single‐output (SISO), and MIMO systems. Moreover, we examined the proposed system's output with recent articles, including MIMO, multiplexing, and various modulation techniques. The comparison of results shows that the suggested MIMO‐FSO model has enhanced the performance with the lower BER as less than 3.8 × 10−3 (log of BER is −2.42) forward error correction (FEC) limit for 18.7 km link range in clear air with 0.54 dB/km attenuation, 4.8, 4.5, 1.35, and 0.57 km under haze, light fog, medium, and heavy fog with 4.6, 6.9, 28.9, and 75 dB/km attenuations.

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Modeling of Fog and Smoke Attenuation in Free Space Optical Communications Link Under Controlled Laboratory Conditions

Cited by 172 publications

References 21 publications

An Experimental Study of FSO Link Performance in Desert Environment

An Experimental Study of FSO Link Performance in Desert Environment

Fabrication of a Periodic Inverse Micropyramid (PIMP)‐Si/In₂Se₃ Heterojunction Photodetector Array for RGB‐IR Image Sensing Application

Mitigation of atmospheric losses using dual‐polarized 16‐QAM MIMO technique in free‐space optical system in various weather conditions

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Modeling of Fog and Smoke Attenuation in Free Space Optical Communications Link Under Controlled Laboratory Conditions

Cited by 172 publications

References 21 publications

An Experimental Study of FSO Link Performance in Desert Environment

An Experimental Study of FSO Link Performance in Desert Environment

Fabrication of a Periodic Inverse Micropyramid (PIMP)‐Si/In2Se3 Heterojunction Photodetector Array for RGB‐IR Image Sensing Application

Mitigation of atmospheric losses using dual‐polarized 16‐QAM MIMO technique in free‐space optical system in various weather conditions

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Product

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Fabrication of a Periodic Inverse Micropyramid (PIMP)‐Si/In₂Se₃ Heterojunction Photodetector Array for RGB‐IR Image Sensing Application