“…In addition, in the constrained backpropagation training (Di Muro & Ferrari, 2008;Ferrari & Jensenius, 2008;He, Reif, & Unbehauen, 2000;Rudd, Muro, & Ferrari, 2014), the prior knowledge of boundary conditions was explicitly embedded as equality constraints and imposed on the weights of neural networks. Moreover, the prior knowledge of model forms and boundary conditions can be embedded as regularization terms in the objective function of a neural network to solve ODEs (Bellamine, Almansoori, & Elkamel, 2015;Malek & Shekari Beidokhti, 2006). The prior knowledge of model forms and boundary conditions can also be embedded as regularization terms in the objective function of a neural network by transforming the original PDEs into their weighted residual forms (Dissanayake & Phan-Thien, 1994).…”