Modeling endoderm development and disease in Xenopus

Edwards, Nicole; Zorn, Aaron M.

doi:10.1016/bs.ctdb.2021.01.001

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 125 publications

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“…Some of the expressed transcription factors include Gsc (the first molecule expressed in the organizer to be discovered), Sia, dharma, Xtwn, Pintallavis, Xotx2, Xlim1, Xbra, Xanf1/HNF3-β, Lim1, and Xnot, which are homeodomain proteins [ 2 ]. Gsc and Sia are exclusively expressed in the organizer, while others such as Xbra and Xnot are initially expressed throughout the entire marginal zone and later become restricted to the organizer [ 41 ]. All these components will regulate the expression of the secreted factors, which will then pattern the nearby cells [ 6 ].…”

Section: Overview Of Major Signaling Pathways and Targets Involved In Organizer-induced Embryonic Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Organizer and Its Signaling in Embryonic Development

Kim

Park

Lee

2021

JDB

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Germ layer specification and axis formation are crucial events in embryonic development. The Spemann organizer regulates the early developmental processes by multiple regulatory mechanisms. This review focuses on the responsive signaling in organizer formation and how the organizer orchestrates the germ layer specification in vertebrates. Accumulated evidence indicates that the organizer influences embryonic development by dual signaling. Two parallel processes, the migration of the organizer’s cells, followed by the transcriptional activation/deactivation of target genes, and the diffusion of secreting molecules, collectively direct the early development. Finally, we take an in-depth look at active signaling that originates from the organizer and involves germ layer specification and patterning.

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Section: Overview Of Major Signaling Pathways and Targets Involved In Organizer-induced Embryonic Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Organizer and Its Signaling in Embryonic Development

Kim

Park

Lee

2021

JDB

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“…Xenopus has been instrumental in identifying the Extreme Anterior Domain, a specialized signaling center that gives rise to the mouth [ 9 , 10 , 11 ]. Furthermore, in Xenopus , we have also defined several morphological changes or processes that lead to mouth formation [ 1 , 2 , 9 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. Such processes include cell death and cellular reorganizations that eventually form a thin covering over the embryonic mouth called the buccopharyngeal membrane.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, we know very little about the mechanisms governing the process that leads to the rupture of this structure. In fact, there has only been a handful of studies in the last 20 years devoted to mouth development [ 2 , 3 , 9 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 36 , 37 , 38 ]. The goals of this study are to begin to rectify a gap in our knowledge of mouth development and uncover potential mechanisms that drive the perforation of the buccopharyngeal membrane.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Jak2 and Jaw Muscles Are Required for Buccopharyngeal Membrane Perforation during Mouth Development

Dickinson

2023

JDB

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The mouth is a central feature of our face, without which we could not eat, breathe, or communicate. A critical and early event in mouth formation is the creation of a “hole” which connects the digestive system and the external environment. This hole, which has also been called the primary or embryonic mouth in vertebrates, is initially covered by a 1–2 cell layer thick structure called the buccopharyngeal membrane. When the buccopharyngeal membrane does not rupture, it impairs early mouth functions and may also lead to further craniofacial malformations. Using a chemical screen in an animal model (Xenopus laevis) and genetic data from humans, we determined that Janus kinase 2 (Jak2) has a role in buccopharyngeal membrane rupture. We have determined that decreased Jak2 function, using antisense morpholinos or a pharmacological antagonist, caused a persistent buccopharyngeal membrane as well as the loss of jaw muscles. Surprisingly, we observed that the jaw muscle compartments were connected to the oral epithelium that is continuous with the buccopharyngeal membrane. Severing such connections resulted in buccopharyngeal membrane buckling and persistence. We also noted puncta accumulation of F-actin, an indicator of tension, in the buccopharyngeal membrane during perforation. Taken together, the data has led us to a hypothesis that muscles are required to exert tension across the buccopharyngeal membrane, and such tension is necessary for its perforation.

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