The Organizer and Its Signaling in Embryonic Development

Kim, Jaebong; Park, Soochul; Lee, Unjoo

doi:10.3390/jdb9040047

Cited by 17 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 156 publications

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“…Moreover, the inhibition of FGF signaling recovered the activin-reduced expression of ventral mesodermal markers in DMZ, including ventx1.1 , gata2 , and α-globin . Furthermore, FGF inhibition in DMZ induced ventx1.1 expression to eliminate the expression of the organizer and dorsal-mesodermal-specific markers, including chordin and noggin , in the gastrulae [ 73 , 74 , 75 ]. These studies have suggested that Ventx1.1 is involved in ventral mesodermal formation and hematopoiesis in Xenopus .…”

Section: Ventx Family In Xenopusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ventx Family and Its Functional Similarities with Nanog: Involvement in Embryonic Development and Cancer Progression

Kumar

Kim

2022

IJMS

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The Ventx family is one of the subfamilies of the ANTP (antennapedia) superfamily and belongs to the NK-like (NKL) subclass. Ventx is a homeobox transcription factor and has a DNA-interacting domain that is evolutionarily conserved throughout vertebrates. It has been extensively studied in Xenopus, zebrafish, and humans. The Ventx family contains transcriptional repressors widely involved in embryonic development and tumorigenesis in vertebrates. Several studies have documented that the Ventx family inhibited dorsal mesodermal formation, neural induction, and head formation in Xenopus and zebrafish. Moreover, Ventx2.2 showed functional similarities to Nanog and Barx1, leading to pluripotency and neural-crest migration in vertebrates. Among them, Ventx protein is an orthologue of the Ventx family in humans. Studies have demonstrated that human Ventx was strongly associated with myeloid-cell differentiation and acute myeloid leukemia. The therapeutic potential of Ventx family inhibition in combating cancer progression in humans is discussed. Additionally, we briefly discuss genome evolution, gene duplication, pseudo-allotetraploidy, and the homeobox family in Xenopus.

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Section: Ventx Family In Xenopusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ventx Family and Its Functional Similarities with Nanog: Involvement in Embryonic Development and Cancer Progression

Kumar

Kim

2022

IJMS

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“…In Xenopus , Nodal signaling from the vegetal region and Wnt signaling at the dorsal region contribute to determine the organizer region (De Robertis et al, 2000). Bmp antagonists such as Chrd.1, Nog, and Fst are expressed in the organizer region to inhibit Bmp activities and produce the chordamesodermal axis (Kumar et al, 2021). Suppression of Bmp signaling is required for neural induction, and the expression of cement gland‐inducer genes such as pitx1 requires an intermediate level of Bmp signaling (Jin & Weinstein, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bmp inhibition or the activation of Nodal signaling alone on the ventral side during early developmental stage does not result in complete axis formation including the head (Suzuki et al, 1994). Moreover, other organizer genes such as dkk1 , cer1 , and frzb inhibit Wnt activities in the mesendodermal region in order to produce head structures (De Robertis & Kuroda, 2004; Kumar et al, 2021). In zebrafish, ccr7 was found to induce Ctnnb1 degradation, which inhibited axis formation, upregulated bmp4 expression, and downregulated chrd.1 expression (Wu et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ccr7 affects both morphogenesis and differentiation during early Xenopus embryogenesis

2022

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Chemokines play important roles in early embryogenesis, including morphogenesis and cell differentiation, before the immune system is established. We characterized Xenopus laevis CC-type chemokine receptor 7 S (ccr7.S) to clarify its role during early development. ccr7 transcripts were detected ubiquitously in early embryos. Dorsal overexpression of ccr7.S inhibited gastrulation, and ccr7.S mRNA-injected embryos had short axes and widely opened neural folds. Because the Keller sandwich explants of the injected embryos elongated well, ccr7.S might affect cell migration, but not convergent extension movements. Ventral ccr7.S overexpression induced secondary axes and chrd.1 upregulation in gastrula-stage embryos. Animal cap assays showed increased expression of neural and cement gland marker genes at later stages. Ccr7.S knockdown reduced chrd.1 expression and inhibited gastrulation at the dorsal side.Our findings suggest that ccr7.S plays important roles in morphogenetic movement and cell differentiation.

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“…In Xenopus , gastrulation is a critical event that allows germ layer formation and embryonic patterning [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. During this process, the dorsal mesoderm or organizer-specific Goosecoid (Gsc) plays an essential role in initiating inductive signaling to trigger dorso-anterior migration from the dorsal lip of the blastopore [ 4 , 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two Homeobox Transcription Factors, Goosecoid and Ventx1.1, Oppositely Regulate Chordin Transcription in Xenopus Gastrula Embryos

Kim

Umair

Lee

et al. 2023

Cells

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The reciprocal inhibition between two signaling centers, the Spemann organizer (dorsal mesoderm) and ventral region (mesoderm and ectoderm), collectively regulate the overall development of vertebrate embryos. Each center expresses key homeobox transcription factors (TFs) that directly control target gene transcription. Goosecoid (Gsc) is an organizer (dorsal mesoderm)-specific TF known to induce dorsal fate and inhibit ventral/ectodermal specification. Ventx1.1 (downstream of Bmp signaling) induces the epidermal lineage and inhibits dorsal organizer-specific genes from the ventral region. Chordin (Chrd) is an organizer-specific secreted Bmp antagonist whose expression is primarily activated by Gsc. Alternatively, chrd expression is repressed by Bmp/Ventx1.1 in the ventral/epidermal region. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying the transcription mediated by Gsc and Ventx1.1 remain elusive. Here, we found that the chrd promoter contained two cis-acting response elements that responded negatively to Ventx1.1 and positively to Gsc. In the ventral/ectodermal region, Ventx1.1 was directly bound to the Ventx1.1 response element (VRE) and inhibited chrd transcription. In the organizer region, Gsc was bound to the Gsc response elements (GRE) to activate chrd transcription. The Gsc-mediated positive response on the chrd promoter completely depended on another adjacent Wnt response cis-acting element (WRE), which was the TCF7 (also known as Tcf1) binding element. Site-directed mutagenesis of VRE, GRE, or WRE completely abolished the repressive or activator activity of Ventx1.1 and Gsc, respectively. The ChIP-PCR results confirmed the direct binding of Ventx1.1 and Gsc/Tcf7 to VRE and GRE/WRE, respectively. These results demonstrated that chrd expression is oppositely modulated by homeobox TFs, Ventx1.1, and Gsc/Tcf7 during the embryonic patterning of Xenopus gastrula.

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The Organizer and Its Signaling in Embryonic Development

Cited by 17 publications

References 156 publications

Ventx Family and Its Functional Similarities with Nanog: Involvement in Embryonic Development and Cancer Progression

Ventx Family and Its Functional Similarities with Nanog: Involvement in Embryonic Development and Cancer Progression

ccr7 affects both morphogenesis and differentiation during early Xenopus embryogenesis

Two Homeobox Transcription Factors, Goosecoid and Ventx1.1, Oppositely Regulate Chordin Transcription in Xenopus Gastrula Embryos

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