Modeling Electrical Conductivity of Metal Meshes for Predicting Shielding Effectiveness in Magnetic Fields of Wireless Power Transfer Systems

Zimmer, Steve; Helwig, Martin; Winkler, Anja; Modler, Niels

doi:10.3390/electronics11142156

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…An exact solution of an SE calculated directly from Maxwell's equations developed in [11], and which can be solved only numerically since it holds high complexity. There are several, low computational effort approaches, as stated in [9], to analytically model and evaluate the SE: The equivalent circuit theory [12], [13], and the Transmission Line (TL) analogy [6], [14]. Those models are valid under the following conditions: (1) The shield is made from a metal, which has high conductivity σ.…”

Section: B Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Refined Analytical EM Model of IC-Internal Shielding for Hardware-Security and Intra-Device Simulative Framework

Katz,

Avital,

Levi

2024

IEEE Access

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Over the past two decades, the prominence of physical attacks on electronic devices, designed to extract confidential information, has surged. These attacks exploit the inherent physical characteristics of integrated circuits (ICs), leading to information leakage. While several cutting-edge countermeasures have been developed to thwart attempts at obtaining sensitive data, the potential of shielding as a defensive mechanism has not been comprehensively explored within the realm of ICs. Shielding, with its capabilities encompassing the reduction of electromagnetic (EM) radiation leakage, detection of penetration attempts, and the obfuscation of adversaries' measurement efforts, presents an intriguing avenue for safeguarding information. Remarkably, the investigation into the efficacy of shielding in minimizing EM radiation leakage and consequently curtailing information leakage has been somewhat limited in the context of ICs. This limitation extends to various aspects, including the topological configuration of shields, the development of a comprehensive analytical model for leakage assessment, and the simulation capacity prior to the silicon fabrication stage. Previous state-of-the-art (SOTA) reports have primarily concentrated on the prevention of probing or penetration of shielding mechanisms. In our research, we contribute a fully refined analytical model tailored for IC shielding, capable of accurately estimating fields in presence of shields and evaluating security against a spectrum of IC hardware (HW) attacks. Importantly, we introduce a simulation methodology employing CAD tools, IC Process Design Kit (PDK), and Ansys HFSS to evaluate shielding performance within layouts directly imported from a commercial CAD and IC PDKs, following the integration of full-chip tools.

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Section: B Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Shielding models: Many SOTA Shielding models, aiming to analytically analyze and characterize the shield abilities, were developed mainly for the Microwave and RF spectrum for large systems (relatively to ICs). Some small-system shielding models were presented in [6]- [9], for wireless systems, microwave home appliances, EM pollution, etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Refined Analytical EM Model of IC-Internal Shielding for Hardware-Security and Intra-Device Simulative Framework

Katz,

Avital,

Levi

2024

IEEE Access

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“…at which the inverter operates; (2) modulation period Tm or modulation frequency fm; (3) the k-th switching frequency (f1, f2, etc. ); (4) time intervals τk within which the inverter operates at the switching frequency fk; (5) the whole number (Nk) of pulses for each time interval τk; (6) the order of the switching frequencies (e.g., from low to high or from high to low) for three or more switching frequency schemes; (7) the k-th duty cycle (d1, d2, etc.).…”

Section: Parameters Of the Multi-switching-frequency Techniquementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Inductive-resonant wireless chargers include switch-mode power converters for power conversion, such as inverters at the primary side of the chargers. Due to the switchmode nature of the converters, the wireless chargers generate appreciable electromagnetic emissions-conducted and radiated emissions [5][6][7]. The conducted emissions can be very problematic for sensitive electronic devices connected to the same electric grid as the wireless chargers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thorough Study of Multi-Switching-Frequency-Based Spread-Spectrum Technique for Suppression of Conducted Emissions from Wireless Battery Chargers

2023

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The multi-switching-frequency technique is one of the spread-spectrum techniques for suppression of conducted emissions generated by wireless battery chargers. Its advantage is a relatively easy implementation with a microcontroller. In this paper, an original thorough experimental study of the effect of the multi-switching-frequency-based spread spectrum technique parameters (e.g., combinations of number of pulses, frequency order, etc.) on the performance characteristics (conducted emissions levels, efficiency, etc.) of an inductive-resonant wireless battery charger with a closed loop control is presented. It is shown that combinations of a number of pulses and frequency order have a noticeable impact on the performance characteristics of the wireless chargers. The suppression of the conducted emissions can be improved significantly by using optimized parameters of the technique. Moreover, it is proved experimentally that a relatively inexpensive microcontroller with a transceiver can be used to implement both closed-loop control of the wireless charger and the multi-switching-frequency technique.

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“…When designing a wireless battery charger, electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) issues should also be considered, because they are significant sources of conducted and radiated electromagnetic interference (EMI) to sensitive electronic devices [5][6][7][8][9][10], as is depicted in Figure 1a. Therefore, different national or international EMC standards specify the limits and measurement methods of EMI of the wireless battery chargers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wireless Battery Chargers Operating at Multiple Switching Frequencies with Improved Performance

et al. 2023

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The operation of wireless battery chargers at multiple switching frequencies may lead to a noticeable suppression of conducted and radiated electromagnetic interference (EMI) at the cost of decreased efficiency (mainly at lower load resistances) and increased peak and root mean square values of currents of power components of the wireless battery charger. Moreover, the reduction in conducted EMI is only moderate (<8.3 dB). Therefore, a novel approach based on modified resonant circuits and a modified control technique to obtain better reduction in the conducted and radiated EMI without significantly compromising other performance characteristics of the wireless battery charger is proposed and validated by using simulations and experiments. It is shown in this paper that the wireless charger operating at multiple switching frequencies with the proposed approach for the performance improvement has a more effective implementation of the four-switching frequency spread-spectrum technique with better conducted and radiated EMI reduction at all load resistances, lower values of peak and RMS currents at all load resistances, and higher efficiency in constant current mode and in the beginning of constant voltage mode (at lower values of the load resistances) than that of the conventional wireless charger operating at multiple switching frequencies.

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Modeling Electrical Conductivity of Metal Meshes for Predicting Shielding Effectiveness in Magnetic Fields of Wireless Power Transfer Systems

Cited by 5 publications

References 36 publications

Refined Analytical EM Model of IC-Internal Shielding for Hardware-Security and Intra-Device Simulative Framework

Refined Analytical EM Model of IC-Internal Shielding for Hardware-Security and Intra-Device Simulative Framework

Thorough Study of Multi-Switching-Frequency-Based Spread-Spectrum Technique for Suppression of Conducted Emissions from Wireless Battery Chargers

Wireless Battery Chargers Operating at Multiple Switching Frequencies with Improved Performance

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