Modeling Cutaneous Radiation Injury from Fallout

Adams, Tim G.; Yeddanapudi, Neelima; Clay, Matthew; Asher, Jason; Appler, Jessica; Casagrande, Rocco

doi:10.1017/dmp.2018.74

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Given that in the case of the use of nuclear weapons, up to 80–85% of those affected with CRL are expected, treating the pathology takes one of the leading places [ 22 , 23 ]. In the immediate period after exposure to the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion or accident, it is precisely the timely complete medical manifestations that determine the survival prognosis [ 24 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of an Optimal Model of Combined Radiation and Biological Lesions

Gaynutdinov¹,

Vagin²,

Kurbangaleev³

et al. 2022

Veterinary Medicine International

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Since the search for the effective medication in combined lesions includes the selection of an optimal experimental model for such injuries, there is actually a study aimed at developing an optimal model of combined radiation-biology (Pasteurella) lesions. The pathogen Pasteurella multocida (as one of the most frequent pathogenic agents involved in both isolated and combined radiation-biology lesions of agricultural animals) was used as a model of a biological agent to reproduce experimental biological research. We employed the “Chinchilla” rabbits of 2.5–3.0 kg body weight as a biological model for doing combined radiation Pasteurella lesion. When determining the optimal model of combined radiation-biology (Pasteurella) lesion, we consider that in the joint action of various pathological agents on the organism, there is a synergistic effect of explosion agents, previously specifying minimal doses of external γ-radiation and pasteurellosis pathogen that in the joint action of nonfatal doses would be lethal. The first stage of the experiments determined the minimal doses of gamma rays and pasteurellosis pathogen that in joint action causes combined radiation-biology pathology. We examined 66 rabbits divided into 11 groups of 6 animals each to determine minimal doses of infectious agent-pasteurellosis pathogen. The animals of the first 9 groups were given subcutaneously Pasteurella species at doses 1·109, 1·108, 1·107, 1·106, 1·105, 1·104, 1·103, 1·102, and 1·101 of microbial cells per animal of 0.3 ml suspension in volume; the 10th group of animals were given saline solution; the 11th served as a biological control group. In determining the minimal doses of gamma rays, we conducted experimental tests on 36 rabbits, which have been exposed to external γ-radiation in the “PUMA” system with a 137Cs radiation source of the exposure dose of 5.38 R/min at doses 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 10, and 12 Gy. To specify the optimal model of radiation-pasteurellosis lesion, we used the rabbits subjected to a combined radiation-biology effect using minimal doses of gamma rays and pasteurellosis agent, leading to a lethal effect during their complex action. The researches revealed that 50% of the death of rabbits infected with pasteurellosis occurs using Pasteurella at a dose of 3.7·104 microbial cells per kilogram (LD50 = 3.7∙104 m.c./kg), and 50% of radiation death in rabbits occurs when irradiated their gamma rays at a dose of 8.0 Gy (LD50 = 8.0 Gy). The combined effect of nonlethal doses of the studied agents in the indicated doses on rabbits led to the aggravation of the course of radiation and pasteurellosis infection, causing the death of animals from combined radiation-pasteurellosis pathology. The model combined radiation-pasteurellosis disease ran its course rapidly, and the animals died 3 to 6 days after the onset. The autopsy of the animals that died from acute radiation-pasteurellosis pathogen had found swelling of the subcutaneous tissue in the pharynx and intermaxillary space of the neck, hyperemia, lymphoid nodular hyperplasia, numerous hemorrhages on the serous and mucous membranes and in the tissues of the parenchymal organs, serous or serous-fibrinous exudate, and in the chest and abdominal regions, pulmonary edema. The research stated that gamma radiation of rabbits at a dose of 8.0 Gy conducted before exposure with Pasteurella at LD50 (3.7·104 m.c./kg) declined the course of the pasteurellosis process, facilitated its generalization, and fastened the death of animals. Combined radiation-pasteurellosis infection ran its course rapidly, and the animals died within 3 to 6 days after the onset of the disease. The autopsy showed the pathologicoanatomic factors of the acute pasteurellosis: swelling of the subcutaneous tissue, purulent-catarrhal bronchopneumonitis, and pulmonary edema.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of an Optimal Model of Combined Radiation and Biological Lesions

Gaynutdinov¹,

Vagin²,

Kurbangaleev³

et al. 2022

Veterinary Medicine International

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“…Основний патогенетичний фактор у даному випадку -лімфостаз та фіброз шкіри і підшкірної жирової клітковини. При локалізації індуративного набряку поблизу великих кровоносних судин та нервових стволів спостерігаються виражені порушення кровообігу та лімфотоку, з'являється патологічна неврологічна симптоматика дистальніше рівня ушкодження [15,16].…”

Section: частота структура та семіотика ускладнень променевої терапіїunclassified

Complications of radiation therapy in cancer patients and changes in homeostasis

Krasnoselskyi,

Kulinich,

Hladkykh

2023

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The monograph is devoted to the analysis of catamnetic factors associated with an increased risk of developing late radiation complications. A retrospective analysis of 254 case histories of patients with malignant neoplasms of the cervix and 81 case histories of patients with malignant neoplasms of the breast after radiation therapy on AGAT-R, ROKUS-AM, Clinac 600C and who were hospitalized for late complications of radiation therapy in the department of radiation pathology and palliative medicine of the State Organization "Grigoriev Institute for Medical Radiology and Oncology of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine" in the period 1994–2021. The prognostic value of initial hematological and biochemical indicators, as well as clinical and anamnestic parameters in the development of late radiation complications, was established. The monograph will be useful for oncologists, oncogynecologists, radiologists, radiation therapists, radiobiologists, biochemists and students of higher education institutions of medical profile. Tables – 21, figures – 35, bibliography – 81 references.

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“…Radiation-induced injuries to the skin, CRI/LRI, are anticipated following the detonation of a nuclear device or RDD, sometimes called a 'dirty bomb' , and radioactive exposure device, with the latter generating both beta and gamma exposure. In addition, there is the possibility of beta particle exposure to the skin from the fallout resulting from the initial ND, especially if it is a ground burst; as well as 'ground shine' dose rates of up to 1 mGy h −1 from beta and 0.1 mGy h −1 from gamma [19][20][21]. CRI/LRI could also result from other scenarios, including over-exposures from radiotherapy or fluoroscopic-assisted diagnostic studies/treatments, or industrial accidents, which could lead to injuries of varying severity.…”

Section: Causes Of Injuriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cutaneous and local radiation injuries

et al. 2022

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The threat of a large-scale radiological or nuclear (R/N) incident looms in the present-day climate, as noted most recently in an editorial in Scientific American (March 2021). These large-scale incidents are infrequent but affect large numbers of people. Smaller-scale R/N incidents occur more often, affecting smaller numbers of people. There is more awareness of acute radiation syndrome (ARS) in the medical community; however, ionising radiation-induced injuries to the skin are much less understood. This article will provide an overview of radiation-induced injuries to the skin, deeper tissues, and organs. The history and nomenclature; types and causes of injuries; pathophysiology; evaluation and diagnosis; current medical management; and current research of the evaluation and management are presented. Cutaneous radiation injuries (CRI) or local radiation injuries (LRI) may lead to cutaneous radiation syndrome, a sub-syndrome of ARS. These injuries may occur from exposure to radioactive particles suspended in the environment (air, soil, water) after a nuclear detonation or an improvised nuclear detonation (IND), a nuclear power plant incident, or an encounter with a radioactive dispersal or exposure device. These incidents may also result in a radiation-combined injury; a chemical, thermal, or traumatic injury, with radiation exposure. Skin injuries from medical diagnostic and therapeutic imaging, medical misadministration of nuclear medicine or radiotherapy, occupational exposures (including research) to radioactive sources are more common but are not the focus of this manuscript. Diagnosis and evaluation of injuries are based on the scenario, clinical picture, and dosimetry, and may be assisted through advanced imaging techniques. Research-based multidisciplinary therapies, both in the laboratory and clinical trial environments, hold promise for future medical management. Great progress is being made in recognising the extent of injuries, understanding their pathophysiology, as well as diagnosis and management; however, research gaps still exist.

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Modeling Cutaneous Radiation Injury from Fallout

Cited by 6 publications

References 26 publications

Development of an Optimal Model of Combined Radiation and Biological Lesions

Development of an Optimal Model of Combined Radiation and Biological Lesions

Complications of radiation therapy in cancer patients and changes in homeostasis

Cutaneous and local radiation injuries

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