Modeling and simulations of high and hypervelocity impact of small ice particles

Velocity Dependence of Submicron Ice Grain Rebound, Sticking, Particle Fragmentation, and Impact Ionization up to 2.4 km/s

“…In Miller et al, rebound was found to be a dominant event for incident velocities between 40 and 200 m/s, while sticking becomes dominant for impacts from 200–800 m/s. Both computational modeling and experimental data agree that particle fragmentation becomes the dominant behavior observed above ∼800 m/s. , Ice grain fragmentation is of interest to the Enceladus sampling mission concept because it exposes entrained solutes, which is necessary for mass spectral measurements. However, impact ionization is also required.…”

“…At lower velocities, perhaps fewer fragments are generated and thus, the probability of them reaching the TICD electrodes is lower, leaving the summed charge of those that do below detection. These speculations cannot be verified through the results from the TICD, but some insights may be obtained from further modeling with the HOTM method …”

“…melting and vaporization), occur at higher impact velocities. According to computational models, a melting of 800 nm ice particles upon impact occurs readily above 800 m/s and vaporization occurs above 2000 m/s . The velocity threshold for impact ionization of near-micron ice grains is less well known.…”

“…of these studies provides computational modeling of 800 nm ice grain impacts over the range of 250−5000 m/s. 21 The other study 22 supplies the first experimental results on submicron ice grain scattering using an aerosol impact spectrometer (AIS) 23 equipped with a tapered image charge detector (TICD) and collision analysis target (CAT). 24 Impact behaviors of highly charged 850 nm diameter ice grains on a highly polished molybdenum surface with incident velocities of 40−880 m/s were categorized.…”

“…While there have been many studies of scattering dynamics for applications such as atmospheric aerosol measurement, aircraft in-flight icing, , meteoroid impacts, and astrogeology of icy surfaces, , there are only two studies that meet the current criteria of particle composition, size, and target material. One of these studies provides computational modeling of 800 nm ice grain impacts over the range of 250–5000 m/s . The other study supplies the first experimental results on submicron ice grain scattering using an aerosol impact spectrometer (AIS) equipped with a tapered image charge detector (TICD) and collision analysis target (CAT) .…”