Velocity Dependence of Submicron Ice Grain Rebound, Sticking, Particle Fragmentation, and Impact Ionization up to 2.4 km/s

Burke, Sally; Miller, Morgan E. C.; Continetti, Robert E.

doi:10.1021/acsearthspacechem.2c00354

Cited by 4 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…In another mode of operation, an ensemble of single particles is characterized in the NET and then another ensemble of single particles is accelerated using a LINAC pulse sequence for the average particle. Both modes of operation were used in the published ice impact experiments (Burke et al., 2023; Miller et al., 2022). The accelerated single particle then impacts the polished molybdenum CAT.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The three concentric charge‐sensitive elements of the TICD are used to measure the particle's velocity prior to impact as well as any signal from rebounding particles or fragments after impact. Impact behavior characterization as a function of impact velocity between 40 and 2,400 m/s has been performed for thousands of individual submicron ice grains using the AIS equipped with the TICD and CAT assembly (Burke et al., 2023; Miller et al., 2022). In summary, the AIS provides a direct measurement of impact dynamics for ice grains with known particle mass and impact velocity.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Prior publications (Jiang et al, 2021(Jiang et al, , 2022 described the HOTM simulation method in detail; the version used for this publication is identical to what is described in those publications. The experimental data used for comparison to in the study are available in the Supporting Information S1 document free of charge in (Burke et al, 2023).…”

Section: Data Availability Statementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Briefly, rebound is identified by a swift return to baseline associated with the particle leaving the impact plate (Figure 10a), sticking by a slow return to baseline as the charge carried by the particle discharges into the detector circuitry (Figure 10b), particle fragmentation using a mixture of rebound and sticking character (Figure 10c), and impact ionization by an overshoot of the return to baseline from the detection of impact-induced ions (Figure 10d). As described in the literature (Burke et al, 2023;Miller et al, 2020Miller et al, , 2022, while the CAT trace is critical for impact characterization, the signals on the TICD elements are also important. For example, in rebound and fragmentation events, a signal is detected on the TICD elements at a time of arrival consistent with a heavy rebounded particle or fragment.…”

Section: Laboratory Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The AIS equipped with the TICD and CAT allows measurements that characterize impact behavior as rebound, sticking, fragmentation, or impact ionization. The probability of each impact phenomenon was reported as a function of impact velocity between 40-2,400 m/s (Burke et al, 2023;Miller et al, 2022). Although these experiments fall short of the full range of velocities (∼250 m/s-8,000 m/s) envisioned for various fly-through mission concepts (Eigenbrode et al, 2018;MacKenzie et al, 2021MacKenzie et al, , 2022Reh et al, 2016), the experimental velocity range covers a window where non-destructive and efficient collection of the analytes of interest is more likely (Jaramillo-Botero et al, 2021).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Unraveling the Fate of Impacted Ice Particles and the Consequences for Plume Fly‐Through Missions

Scott,

Jiang,

et al. 2023

JGR Planets

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Planetary exploration mission concepts that include flying directly through material for collection and/or analysis are becoming increasingly common, with Enceladus water ice particles offering a particularly high‐value target. Despite this interest, understanding and predicting what happens to ice samples upon impacting a surface at the high‐ and hyper‐velocities expected for these missions remains a critical knowledge gap. We describe a set of custom simulations using the Hot Optimal Transportation Meshfree method that was implemented to better understand ice impacts. We then compare the simulations with relevant experimental results from the Aerosol Impact Spectrometer. These simulations and experiments illustrate the complex relationship between different energy dissipation mechanisms and how they affect the fate of the particle. These results highlight the importance of understanding the implications of this complex physics on successful sample collection and transfer in order to achieve the scientific goals of the mission.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Data Availability Statementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Laboratory Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Unraveling the Fate of Impacted Ice Particles and the Consequences for Plume Fly‐Through Missions

Scott,

Jiang,

et al. 2023

JGR Planets

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Detection of intact amino acids with a hypervelocity ice grain impact mass spectrometer

Burke,

Auvil,

Hanold

et al. 2023

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Astrobiology studies are a top priority in answering one of the most fundamental questions in planetary science: Is there life beyond Earth? Saturn’s icy moon Enceladus is a prime target in the search for life in our solar system, identified by NASA as the second-highest priority site for a flagship mission in the next decade. The orbital sampling technique of impact ionization mass spectrometry indicated the presence of complex organics in the small icy plume particles ejected by Enceladus encountered previously by Cassini. However, high interaction velocities caused ambiguity as to the origin and identity of the organics. Laboratory validation of this technique is needed to show that biosignature molecules can survive an impact at hypervelocity speeds for detection. Here, we present results on the hypervelocity impact of organic-laden submicron ice grains for in situ mass spectrometric characterization with the first technique to accurately replicate this plume sampling scenario: the Hypervelocity Ice Grain Impact Mass Spectrometer. Our results show good agreement with Cassini data at comparable compositions. We show that amino acids entrained in ice grains can be detected intact after impact at speeds up to 4.2 km/s and that salt reduces their detectability, validating the predictions from other model systems. Our results provide a benchmark for this orbital sampling method to successfully detect signs of life and for the interpretation of past and future data. This work has implications not only for a potential Enceladus mission but also for the forthcoming Europa Clipper mission.

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Selected ice nanoparticle accelerator hypervelocity impact mass spectrometer (SELINA-HIMS): features and impacts of charged particles

Spesyvyi,

Žabka,

Polášek

et al. 2024

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.

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The selected ice nanoparticle accelerator, SELINA, was used to prepare beams of single ice particles with positive or negative charge. Positively charged particles were prepared from deionized water and 0.05–0.2 molar solutions of sodium chloride in water, and negatively charged ice particles were generated from water without salt. Depending on the electrospray source configuration, the measured particles vary from 50 to 1000 nm in diameter. The kinetic energy per charge for all particles was set to 200 eV by the collisional equilibration in quadrupoles, which resulted in primary velocities up to 600 m/s for the lowest m/z particles. The electrospray ionization and thus particle formation from SELINA become less efficient with increasing salt concentration, resulting in a lower detected particle frequency and size. Good instrument operation is achievable for concentrations below 0.2 M. After we have verified and characterized positively and negatively charged ice particles, we have combined SELINA with a target and time-of-flight spectrometer for a ‘proof-of-principle’ post acceleration of 120 nm particles towards hypervelocity ( v ~ 3000 m/s) and detection of fragments from the particle impact (SELINA-HIMS). General conditions are discussed for the acceleration of particles between 50 and 1000 nm to velocities well above 3000 m/s with SELINA-HIMS instrument. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Dust in the Solar System and beyond’.

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Velocity Dependence of Submicron Ice Grain Rebound, Sticking, Particle Fragmentation, and Impact Ionization up to 2.4 km/s

Cited by 4 publications

References 37 publications

Unraveling the Fate of Impacted Ice Particles and the Consequences for Plume Fly‐Through Missions

Unraveling the Fate of Impacted Ice Particles and the Consequences for Plume Fly‐Through Missions

Detection of intact amino acids with a hypervelocity ice grain impact mass spectrometer

Selected ice nanoparticle accelerator hypervelocity impact mass spectrometer (SELINA-HIMS): features and impacts of charged particles

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