“…Some numerical methods have been developed to analyze the thermo-metallurgical or thermo-mechanical effects during grind-hardening, such as transient temperature distribution, micro-structural transformation, part distortions and surface integrity (Brinksmeier et al, 2003;Foeckerer et al, 2012Foeckerer et al, , 2013Kolkwitz et al, 2011aKolkwitz et al, , 2011bMahdi and Zhang, 2000;Nguyen and Zhang, 2011;Zaeh et al, 2009). Duscha et al (2011) modeled and simulated the change of material properties as a function of temperature and phase history during grinding. Compared with other material removal processes, grinding operation requires more energy and thus higher specific energy to remove the same material volume and will subject the workpiece into complex thermal strain and stress.…”