“…Two different HVDC technologies are currently under use: Line-commutated converters (LCCs) based on thyristors and voltage-source converters (VSCs) based on insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) [108]. Among them, there is not a clear consensus about which technology is better: Some authors consider that LCCs are superior to VSCs in terms of reliability, cost and efficiency [26], whereas others affirm that the VCS-HVDC transmission system is the most promising technology [109]. a comparison between both HVDC technologies is summarized in Table 2 [110].…”
Section: High Voltage DCmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This fact compromises the frequency stability and alters the transient response [24]. As a result, several frequency control strategies have been proposed in the specific literature [25][26][27][28][29][30]. Other alternatives to increase the RES share in power systems and avoid the aforementioned problems are to complement one source with another (for instance, wind with solar and/or hydropower) [31][32][33] or to use storage systems (such as flywheels, pumped hydroelectric storage, batteries, hydrogen, etc.)…”
Nowadays, wind is considered as a remarkable renewable energy source to be implemented in power systems. Most wind power plant experiences have been based on onshore installations, as they are considered as a mature technological solution by the electricity sector. However, future power scenarios and roadmaps promote offshore power plants as an alternative and additional power generation source, especially in some regions such as the North and Baltic seas. According to this framework, the present paper discusses and reviews trends and perspectives of offshore wind power plants for massive offshore wind power integration into future power systems. Different offshore trends, including turbine capacity, wind power plant capacity as well as water depth and distance from the shore, are discussed. In addition, electrical transmission high voltage alternating current (HVAC) and high voltage direct current (HVDC) solutions are described by considering the advantages and technical limitations of these alternatives. Several future advancements focused on increasing the offshore wind energy capacity currently under analysis are also included in the paper.
“…Two different HVDC technologies are currently under use: Line-commutated converters (LCCs) based on thyristors and voltage-source converters (VSCs) based on insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) [108]. Among them, there is not a clear consensus about which technology is better: Some authors consider that LCCs are superior to VSCs in terms of reliability, cost and efficiency [26], whereas others affirm that the VCS-HVDC transmission system is the most promising technology [109]. a comparison between both HVDC technologies is summarized in Table 2 [110].…”
Section: High Voltage DCmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This fact compromises the frequency stability and alters the transient response [24]. As a result, several frequency control strategies have been proposed in the specific literature [25][26][27][28][29][30]. Other alternatives to increase the RES share in power systems and avoid the aforementioned problems are to complement one source with another (for instance, wind with solar and/or hydropower) [31][32][33] or to use storage systems (such as flywheels, pumped hydroelectric storage, batteries, hydrogen, etc.)…”
Nowadays, wind is considered as a remarkable renewable energy source to be implemented in power systems. Most wind power plant experiences have been based on onshore installations, as they are considered as a mature technological solution by the electricity sector. However, future power scenarios and roadmaps promote offshore power plants as an alternative and additional power generation source, especially in some regions such as the North and Baltic seas. According to this framework, the present paper discusses and reviews trends and perspectives of offshore wind power plants for massive offshore wind power integration into future power systems. Different offshore trends, including turbine capacity, wind power plant capacity as well as water depth and distance from the shore, are discussed. In addition, electrical transmission high voltage alternating current (HVAC) and high voltage direct current (HVDC) solutions are described by considering the advantages and technical limitations of these alternatives. Several future advancements focused on increasing the offshore wind energy capacity currently under analysis are also included in the paper.
“…In [12], the dq reference frame is directly obtained by integrating the desired frequency (e.g. 50 Hz) and thus the offshore frequency is fixed at 50 Hz during the offshore AC fault.…”
Offshore AC fault protection of wind turbines (WTs) connecting with diode rectifier unit based HVDC (DRU-HVDC) system is investigated in this paper. A voltage-error-dependent fault current injection is proposed to regulate the WT current during offshore AC fault transients and quickly provide fault current for fault detection. Considering different fault locations, the fault characteristics during symmetrical and asymmetrical faults are presented and the requirements for fault detection are addressed. A simple and effective offshore AC fault protection solution, combining both overcurrent protection and differential protection, is proposed by utilizing the developed fast fault current providing control. To improve system availability, reduced DC voltage of the DRU-HVDC system is investigated, where one of the series-connected DRUs is disconnected and the onshore modular multilevel converter (MMC) actively reduces DC voltage to resume wind power transmission. The proposed scheme is robust to various offshore AC faults and can automatically restore normal operation. Simulation results confirm the proposed fault protection strategy. Index Terms-diode rectifier unit based HVDC (DRU-HVDC), fault protection, HVDC transmission, offshore wind farm, symmetrical and asymmetrical AC faults.
“…High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission systems are extensively applied in recent years owing to the opportunity they provide to transfer large amounts of power over long distance more flexibly and with less losses compared with HVAC transmission systems [1,2,3,4]. Due to the long transmission distance, HVDC transmission lines usually go through complex environment, and fault on transmission lines is one of the major threats for the whole transmission system [5,6,7,8].…”
Line Commutated Converter (LCC) based High-Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) technology has been in operation with a high level reliability and little maintenance requirements for more than thirty years. The current-source based or classical LCC-HVDC systems are being considered for buried cable transmission as well as overhead transmission. The fault analysis and protection of LCC-HVDC system is a very important aspect in terms of power system stability. This paper proposes a novel protection scheme for LCC-HVDC systems, in which
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