Model structure and control of bone remodeling: A theoretical study

A multiscale analytical approach for bone remodeling simulations: Linking scales from collagen to trabeculae

“…Fourth, we did not explicitly model the actual biochemical messenger pathways. Accounting for this in more detail as proposed by others [4,5] may further improve the simulations. Here also, we would like to emphasize that the framework developed in this investigation would enable accounting for such biochemical interactions.…”

“…Bone is a dynamic porous material which is continuously resorbed and subsequently formed in a process called bone remodeling influenced by both mechanical and biological factors [1][2][3][4][5]. Moreover, it is a hierarchical material whose architecture differs at each level of hierarchy and whose mechanical properties can vary considerably, even on the same specimen, due to bone heterogeneity [6][7][8].…”

Targeted Transgenic Expression of an Osteoclastic Transmembrane Protein-tyrosine Phosphatase in Cells of Osteoclastic Lineage Increases Bone Resorption and Bone Loss in Male Young Adult Mice

“…The precise molecular mechanism linking the coupled bone formation to resorption has not been clearly delineated, but there is substantial evidence that one or more locally produced "coupling factors" may be involved (32). Although the nature and cellular source of such local "coupling factors" have not been determined, one of the concepts postulates that coupling is accomplished through the release of bone matrix growth factors, such as insulin-like growth factors (33) or TGF␤ (34), during the bone resorption process to stimulate bone formation. More recently, Martin and Sims (35) have also advanced an alternative concept, suggesting that the activated osteoclast, rather than bone matrix, is the source of the putative "coupling factors."…”

Simulation of Subject Specific Bone Remodeling and Virtual Reality Visualization

“…German anatomist Julius Wolff first noticed this phenomenon in 1892 (Wolff, 1986). The purpose of remodeling is to prevent the accumulation of damage, adapt the internal architecture to the external loads and maintain homeostasis (Van Der Linden et al, 2001;Pivonka et al, 2008;Lemaire et al, 2004). Compressive fractures caused by osteoporosis are common in the lower vertebrae is a frequent region for compressive fracture due to osteoporosis (Melton et al,1989;Melton et al,1999;Scane,1994).…”