Model for the cold sintering of lead zirconate titanate ceramic composites

Abstract

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Comparison of different sintering aids in cold sinter‐assisted densification of lead zirconate titanate

“…Wang et al 31 studied cold sintering of PZT ceramics with lead nitrate as a sintering aid. In the initial stages of pressing, particle rearrangement led to rapid densification.…”

“…Using PbAc trihydrate as a PZT sintering aid, it was found that the pressure dependence of the densification can be described either with the viscous phase sintering model 31,41 or the liquid phase sintering model as seen in Figure 4A. 42,43 Therefore, the pressure dependence of the relative density alone cannot be used to determine the densification mechanism.…”

“…Wang et al 31 recently reported a model for densification of PZT by a cold sinter-assisted process using moistened lead nitrate as the sintering aid. This model assumes that plastic deformation of lead nitrate leads to viscous phase sintering, resulting in a relative density of 89% following the cold sintering step at 300°C and 500 MPa uniaxial pressure.…”

Cold sintering of diatomaceous earth

“…Despite the mainstream in the CSP scientific community 6 is that the process is fundamentally based on liquid phase sintering (LPS), originating from dissolution/reprecipitation phenomena, recent experimental and theoretical works seem to suggest that additional mechanisms could be relevant such as water-induced plastic or viscous flow. [11][12][13][14][15] The first materials produced by CSP were mainly salts and soluble compounds, 3,16 although several activities have been then carried out on ferroelectrics, [16][17][18] piezoelectrics, 19 magnetic ceramics, 20 semiconductors, [21][22][23] transparent ceramics, 24 bioceramics, 14 and ionic conductors. [25][26][27] More recent works regard water-assisted cold processing of silicate ceramics including cold sintering of quartz, 28 soda-lime silicate glass, 15 and quartz-PTFE composite 29 or cold joining of silica 30 and cold isotactic pressing of glass monoliths.…”

“…The process is carried out at near RT and the die/punches assembling is not sealed thus allowing water evaporation. Despite the mainstream in the CSP scientific community 6 is that the process is fundamentally based on liquid phase sintering (LPS), originating from dissolution/reprecipitation phenomena, recent experimental and theoretical works seem to suggest that additional mechanisms could be relevant such as water‐induced plastic or viscous flow 11–15 …”