Mode of Life, Functional Morphology, and the Classification of Modern Teleostean Fishes

Gosline, William A.

doi:10.2307/2411481

Cited by 117 publications

(209 citation statements)

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“…Ecomorphological indices were calculated using data obtained from linear measures and areas. The indices and their respective formulae were adopted according to previous studies (Gosline 1971, Gatz Jr. 1979, Watson & Balon 1984, Wikramanayake 1990, Norton & Brainerd 1993, Casatti & Castro 1998, Pouilly et al 2003, Breda et al 2005 3. Data analysis.…”

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Ecomorphological differences between Rhamdia (Bleeker, 1858) populations from the Iguaçu River basin

2013

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Morphological and genetic evidences suggest that Rhamdia branneri and Rhamdia voulezi, currently considered synonymous of Rhamdia quelen, are in fact two valid species. Furthermore, in the taxonomic revision of R. quelen, no exemplars from the Iguaçu River were examined, which makes the synonymy doubtful. Considering the two species as valid, it was hypothesized that R. branneri and R. voulezi have ecomorphological differences, with the objective to verify if they can be considered ecologically distinct. Ecomorphological characterization was conducted using ecomorphological indices. For statistical analysis, a Principal Component Analysis (PCA), a Multiresponse Permutation Procedure (MRPP), and a Discriminant Analysis (DA) were performed. The ordination provided by the PCA evidenced ecomorphological separation, with R. branneri having morphological aspects related to benthic fishes, and R. voulezi having morphological characteristics related to pelagic and lentic habitats. The DA results confirmed the morphological tendencies found in the PCA, and the MRPP showed significant statistical differences between the ecomorphology of Rhamdia species. In this way, the initial hypothesis can be corroborated. These results allied to information about diet, genetics, and reproduction can be helpful for the elucidation of the taxonomic status of R. branneri and R. voulezi. Resumo: Evidências morfológicas e genéticas sugerem que Rhamdia branneri e Rhamdia voulezi, atualmente consideradas sinônimas de Rhamdia quelen, são, de fato, duas espécies válidas. Adicionalmente, na revisão taxonômica de R. quelen nenhum exemplar do rio Iguaçu foi examinado, o que torna a sinonímia duvidosa. Considerando as duas espécies como válidas, foi testada a hipótese de que R. branneri e R. voulezi possuem diferenças ecomorfológicas, com o objetivo de verificar se elas podem ser consideradas ecologicamente distintas. A caracterização ecomorfológica foi conduzida utilizando os índices ecomorfológicos. Para a análise estatística foram feitas Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP), Procedimento de Permutação Multiresposta (PPMR) e Análise Discriminante (AD). A ordenação proveniente da ACP evidenciou separação ecomorfológica, com R. branneri possuindo aspectos morfológicos relacionados a peixes bentônicos e R. voulezi possuindo características morfológicas relacionadas a habitats pelágicos e lênticos. Os resultados da AD confirmaram as tendências morfológicas encontradas na ACP, e o PPMR mostrou diferenças estatísticas significativas entre as espécies de Rhamdia. Dessa maneira, a hipótese inicial pôde ser corroborada. Esses resultados, aliados a informações sobre a dieta, genética e reprodução, podem ser úteis para a elucidação do status taxonômico de R. branneri e R. voulezi. Palavras-chave: endemismo, Heptapteridae, Rhamdia voulezi, Rhamdia branneri, Rhamdia quelen, ecomorfologia.

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Ecomorphological differences between Rhamdia (Bleeker, 1858) populations from the Iguaçu River basin

2013

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“…The fins areas, with major values on the Maringá Stream population, are important morphological features related to swimming ability, and its role in the performance of movement on aquatic systems are well documented on literature (Gosline, 1971;Gatz, 1979;Watson & Balon, 1984;Kerfoot & Schaefer, 2006).…”

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confidence: 99%

Intraspecific ecomorphological variations in Poecilia reticulata (Actinopterygii, Cyprinodontiformes): comparing populations of distinct environments

Mise

Souza

Pagotto

et al. 2015

Iheringia, Sér. Zool.

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ABSTRACT. Morphological variations, according to the principles of ecomorphology, can be related to different aspects of the organism way of life, such as occupation of habitats and feeding behavior. The present study sought to examine the intraspecific variation in two populations of Poecilia reticulata Peters, 1859, that occur in two types of environments, a lotic (Maringá Stream) and a lentic (Jaboti Lake). Due to a marked sexual dimorphism, males and females were analyzed separately. Thus, the proposed hypotheses were that the populations that occur in distinct environments present morphological differences. The morphological variables were obtained using morphometric measurements and the ecomorphological indexes. The data were summarized in a Principal Component Analysis (PCA). A Multivariate Analysis of Variance (Manova) was made to verify significant differences in morphology between the populations. Males and females showed similar ecomorphological patterns according to the environment they occur. In general the population from Maringá Stream had fins with major areas, and the Jaboti Lake population eyes located more dorsally. Additionally, others morphological differences such as wider mouth of the males from Maringá Stream, wider heads on Jaboti Lake females and more protractible mouths on males from Jaboti Lake suggest a set of environmental variables that can possibly influence the ecomorphological patterns of the populations, as the water current, availability of food resources and predation. In summary, the initial hypotheses could be confirmed, evidencing the occurrence of distinct ecomorphotypes in the same species according to the environment type.KEYWORDS. Ecomorphological indexes, Poeciliidae, habitat occupation, ecomorphotypes. RESUMO. Variações ecomorfológicas intraespecíficas emPoecilia reticulata (Actinopterygii, Cyprinodontiformes): comparando populações de ambientes distintos. Variações morfológicas, de acordo com os princípios da ecomorfologia, podem ser relacionadas a diferentes aspectos do modo de vida dos organismos, como a ocupação de hábitats e comportamento alimentar. O presente estudo buscou analisar essas variações em nível intraespecífico em duas populações de Poecilia reticulata Peters, 1859, que ocorrem em dois tipos de ambientes, um lótico (ribeirão Maringá) e um lêntico (lago Jaboti). Por apresentar um acentuado dimorfismo sexual machos e fêmeas foram analisados separadamente. Assim, a hipótese proposta foi de que as populações, que ocorrem em ambientes distintos, possuem diferenças morfológicas. As variáveis morfológicas foram obtidas por meio de medidas morfométricas e índices ecomorfológicos. Os dados foram sumarizados em uma Análise de Componentes Principais. Também foi feita uma Análise de Variância Multivariada para verificar se existe diferença significativa na morfologia entre as populações. Machos e fêmeas mostraram padrões ecomorfológicos semelhantes de acordo com o ambiente em que ocorrem. No geral, a população do ribeirão Maringá apresentou nadadeiras com maiore...

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“…For each specimen, 18 morphometric measures were obtained and subsequently used to calculate 14 ecomorphological attributes, related to functional specializations of the fish to water flow, swimming ability, position in the water column, and prey size (Hora, 1930;Gosline, 1971;Webb, 1977;Gatz, 1979; Watson & Balon, 1984; Casatti & Castro, 2006). These 14 ecomorphological attributes were: compression index (CI), relative depth (RD), relative caudal peduncle length (RCPL), caudal peduncle compression index (CPCI), index of ventral flattening (IVF), relative area of the dorsal fin (RADF), relative area of the pectoral fin (RAPF), pectoral fin aspect ratio (PFAR), relative area of the caudal fin (RACF), relative head length (RHL), relative eye position (REP), relative mouth width (RMW), mouth orientation (MO) and fineness coefficient (FC).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The dorsal fin is mainly a stabilizing plane, functioning also as a rudder (Gosline, 1971). In armored catfishes (Loricariidae), a group which has dorsal fins with a relatively large area, it provides equilibrium in the deflections (E. F. Oliveira, pers.…”

Section: Attributementioning

confidence: 99%

“…For each specimen, 18 morphometric measures were obtained and subsequently used to calculate 14 ecomorphological attributes, related to functional specializations of the fish to water flow, swimming ability, position in the water column, and prey size (Hora, 1930;Gosline, 1971;Webb, 1977;Gatz, 1979; Watson & Balon, To order species in the ecomorph space, a Principal Components Analysis (PCA), based on the correlation matrix of the morphological variables, was performed separately for each basin. This analysis used standardized ecomorphological attributes so that all would have a mean of 0 and a standard deviation equal to 1.…”

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Phylogenetic signal and major ecological shifts in the ecomorphological structure of stream fish in two river basins in Brazil

2015

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We tested the contribution of the phylogenetic and specific components to the ecomorphological structure of stream fish from the upper Paraguai River and upper São Francisco River basins, and identified nodes in the phylogenetic tree at which major ecological shifts occurred. Fish were sampled between June and October of 2008 in 12 streams (six in each basin). In total, 22 species from the upper Paraguai River basin and 12 from the upper São Francisco River were analyzed. The ecomorphological patterns exhibited phylogenetic signal, indicating that the ecomorphological similarity among species is associated with the degree of relatedness. A strong habitat template is most likely to be the primary cause for a high phylogenetic signal. A significant contribution from the specific component was also detected, supporting the idea that the phylogenetic signal occurs in some clades for some traits, but not in others. The major ecological shifts were observed in the basal nodes, suggesting that ecological niche differences appear to accumulate early in the evolutionary history of major clades. This finding reinforces the role of key traits in the diversification of Neotropical fishes. Ecological shifts in recent groups could be related to morphological modifications associated with habitat use.Examinamos a contribuição dos componentes filogenético e específico para a estrutura ecomorfológica de peixes de riacho das bacias do alto rio Paraguai e do alto rio São Francisco, e identificamos os nós na árvore filogenética onde ocorreram as maiores mudanças ecológicas. Os peixes foram amostrados entre junho e outubro de 2008 em 12 riachos (seis em cada bacia). No total, 22 espécies do alto rio Paraguai foram analisadas e 12 do alto rio São Francisco. O padrão ecomorfológico exibiu sinal filogenético, indicando que a similaridade ecomorfológica entre as espécies está associada com o grau de parentesco. Um forte 'habitat template' é provavelmente a maior causa para o forte sinal filogenético. Foi detectada uma significativa contribuição do componente específico, apoiando a ideia de que o sinal filogenético ocorre em alguns clados para alguns traços, mas não em outros. As maiores mudanças ecológicas foram observadas nos nós basais sugerindo que as diferenças do nicho ecológico em peixes de riacho parecem acumular-se cedo na história evolutiva dos clados e reforça o papel de traços fundamentais na diversificação de peixes Neotropicais. Mudanças ecológicas em grupos recentes podem estar relacionadas com uma modificação morfológica associada ao uso do habitat. Keywords IntroductionPhenotypic traits provide useful information about the relationship between an organism and its environment (Ricklefs & Miles, 1994). Ecomorphology involves the adaptive nature of a phenotype, in the sense that particular phenotypes maximize fitness in particular environments (Ricklefs & Miles, 1994). Because morphology integrates ecological relationships over large temporal and spatial scales, ecomorphology assumes that such generalized patterns of corre...

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Mode of Life, Functional Morphology, and the Classification of Modern Teleostean Fishes

Cited by 117 publications

References 3 publications

Ecomorphological differences between Rhamdia (Bleeker, 1858) populations from the Iguaçu River basin

Ecomorphological differences between Rhamdia (Bleeker, 1858) populations from the Iguaçu River basin

Intraspecific ecomorphological variations in Poecilia reticulata (Actinopterygii, Cyprinodontiformes): comparing populations of distinct environments

Phylogenetic signal and major ecological shifts in the ecomorphological structure of stream fish in two river basins in Brazil

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