Mode‐locked diode laser‐based two‐photon polymerisation

Surkamp, Nils; Zyla, Gordon; Gurevich, Evgeny L.; Klehr, A.; Knigge, Andrea; Ostendorf, Andreas; Hofmann, Martin R.

doi:10.1049/el.2019.2385

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The respective minimum line widths for BEBNB and BHBNB-based photoresists are 162 and 47 nm (Figure d), which are much smaller than that of the DETC-based photoresist (131 nm, Figure S21b). This result is significantly better than most previous research (Table S1), ,− indicating that BHBNB should be a promising two-photon initiator for high-precision DLW.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 52%

High-Precision and Rapid Direct Laser Writing Using a Liquid Two-Photon Polymerization Initiator

Cao

Shen

Chen

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Two-photon polymerization based direct laser writing (DLW) is an emerging micronano 3D fabrication technology wherein two-photon initiators (TPIs) are a key component in photoresists. Upon exposure to a femtosecond laser, TPIs can trigger the polymerization reaction, leading to the solidification of photoresists. In other words, TPIs directly determine the rate of polymerization, physicochemical properties of polymers, and even the photolithography feature size. However, they generally exhibit extremely poor solubility in photoresist systems, severely inhibiting their application in DLW. To break through this bottleneck, we propose a strategy to prepare TPIs as liquids via molecular design. The maximum weight fraction of the as-prepared liquid TPI in photoresist significantly increases to 2.0 wt %, which is several times higher than that of commercial 7-diethylamino-3-thenoylcoumarin (DETC). Meanwhile, this liquid TPI also exhibits an excellent absorption cross section (64 GM), allowing it to absorb femtosecond laser efficiently and generate abundant active species to initiate polymerization. Remarkably, the respective minimum feature sizes of line arrays and suspended lines are 47 and 20 nm, which are comparable to that of the-state-of-the-art electron beam lithography. Besides, the liquid TPI can be utilized to fabricate various high-quality 3D microstructures and manufacture large-area 2D devices at a considerable writing speed (1.045 m s −1 ). Therefore, the liquid TPI would be one of the promising initiators for micronano fabrication technology and pave the way for future development of DLW.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 52%

High-Precision and Rapid Direct Laser Writing Using a Liquid Two-Photon Polymerization Initiator

Cao

Shen

Chen

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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show abstract

“…This effect can be notably limited by increasing the viscosity o the resin (which is not a problem since we are working without a layer by layer process or by adding various fillers to the resin (but which keep the medium transparent to th laser wavelength) that will make the medium practically solid or with solid behavior. Fig ure 20 gives an example of a realization of a 3D part in a solid reactive medium [86][87][88][89] The rather classical setup is shown on the right-hand side of the figure (see [90]). This demonstrates the possibility of reaching dimensions corresponding to the main 3D market.…”

Section: Removal Of Layersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Removal Of Layersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Figure 20 gives an example of a realization of a 3D part in a solid reactive medium [86][87][88][89]. The rather classical setup is shown on the right-hand side of the figure (see [90]). In these experiments, we used conventional photochemical initiators (those used for one-photon polymerizations) and standard acrylic resins with known polymerization kinetics after free radical production [2].…”

Section: Removal Of Layersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Light–Matter Complex Interactions in Stereolithographies

2023

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Since its inception in 1984, 3D printing has revolutionized manufacturing by leveraging the additivity principle and simple material–energy coupling. Stereolithography, as the pioneering technology, introduced the concept of photopolymerization with a single photon. This groundbreaking approach not only established the essential criteria for additive processes employing diverse localized energies and materials, including solid, pasty, powdery, organic, and mineral substances, but also underscored the significance of light–matter interactions in the spatial and temporal domains, impacting various critical aspects of stereolithography’s performance. This review article primarily focuses on exploring the intricate relationship between light and matter in stereolithography, aiming to elucidate operational control strategies for fabrication processes, encompassing voxel size manipulation. Furthermore, advancements in light excitation modes, transitioning from one-photon to two-photon mechanisms, have unlocked new material and creative possibilities. Notable advantages include the elimination of layering (true 3D printing) and the ability to fabricate objects using silica glass. Although these volumetric 3D printing methods deviate from conventional additive manufacturing concepts and possess narrower application scopes, they offer reduced manufacturing and design timeframes along with enhanced spatial resolution in select cases. These complex light–matter interactions form the cornerstone of this comprehensive review, shedding light on operational control strategies and considerations in stereolithography. By comprehensively analyzing the impact of light–matter interactions, including the novel two-photon excitation, this review highlights the transformative potential of stereolithography for rapid and precise fabrication. While these techniques may occupy a smaller niche within the broader spectrum of 3D printing technologies, they serve as valuable additions to the array of 3D devices available in the market.

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Two-photon polymerization with diode lasers emitting ultrashort pulses with high repetition rate

et al. 2020

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In this Letter, we investigate the resolution of two-photon polymerization (2PP) with an amplified mode-locked external cavity diode laser with adjustable pulse length and a high repetition rate. The experimental results are analyzed with a newly developed 2PP model. Even with low pulse peak intensity, the produced structural dimensions are comparable to those generated by traditional 2PP laser sources. Thus, we show that a compact monolithic picosecond laser diode without amplification and with a repetition rate in the GHz regime can also be applied for 2PP. These results show the high application potential of compact mode-locked diode lasers for low-cost and compact 2PP systems.

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Mode‐locked diode laser‐based two‐photon polymerisation

Cited by 3 publications

References 12 publications

High-Precision and Rapid Direct Laser Writing Using a Liquid Two-Photon Polymerization Initiator

High-Precision and Rapid Direct Laser Writing Using a Liquid Two-Photon Polymerization Initiator

Light–Matter Complex Interactions in Stereolithographies

Two-photon polymerization with diode lasers emitting ultrashort pulses with high repetition rate

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