“…There is a substantial difference in the handoff time of the proactive and reactive solutions. From the figure, the reactive approach's latency is by far the highest [23] for the two broker scenarios, the performance advantage of the proactive approach sustains, in some cases even increases, with more brokers in the network. Figure 7a-c depicts the performance comparison at different publishing rates, including metrics of message loss, duplication, and the overall throughput.…”