Mobility as a Service: A Critical Review of Definitions, Assessments of Schemes, and Key Challenges

Abstract

Mobility as a Service (MaaS) is a recent innovative transport concept, anticipated to induce significant changes in the current transport practices. However, there is ambiguity surrounding the concept; it is uncertain what are the core characteristics of MaaS and in which way they can be addressed. Further, there is a lack of an assessment framework to classify their unique characteristics in a systematic manner, even though several MaaS schemes have been implemented around the world. In this study, we define this set of attributes through a literature review, which is then used to describe selected MaaS schemes and existing applications. We also examine the potential implications of the identified core characteristics of the service on the following three areas of transport practices: travel demand modelling, supply-side analysis and business model design. Finally, we propose the necessary enhancements needed to deliver such an innovative service like MaaS, by establishing the state of art in those fields.

How Can Autonomous and Connected Vehicles, Electromobility, BRT, Hyperloop, Shared Use Mobility and Mobility-As-A-Service Shape Transport Futures for the Context of Smart Cities?

“…The economic benefits could refer to enhanced access to jobs and skills as well as services and markets, and, in addition, making the urban areas more attractive to live, work and invest in. And, finally, the environmental benefits are projected to be the ones that deal with the main urban mobility challenges, namely traffic congestion and the consequent air and noise pollution, since MaaS is encouraging more sustainable transport choices [79,82,88,89]. Nonetheless, the potential benefits of MaaS have not been tested systematically yet in real-life terms; they are mostly theoretical.…”

Data Fusion for MaaS: Opportunities and Challenges

“…Nevertheless, MaaS has not a commonly agreed definition yet, is now becoming a mainstream transport paradigm with the initial developments of theory and practice around the world [58] [59]. It has great potential to enhance the quality and efficiency of the existing transport services.…”

Between-Ride Routing for Private Transportation Services

“…The cost of waiting is their wage rate w times the expected value of the amount of time until they receive a passenger match Q −1 z . In general, a driver at location x(0) seeks to choose a trajectory x(t) to maximize (2). In the following section, we will model the road network as a graph and formulate the decision problem as a dynamic program in discrete time and space.…”