Mobility and carrier density in nanoporous indium tin oxide films

Gondorf, Andreas; Geller, M.; Weißbon, J.; Lorke, Axel; Inhester, M.; Prodi-Schwab, Anna; Adam, Dieter

doi:10.1103/physrevb.83.212201

Cited by 24 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The measured carrier mobility of the ITO granular film using Hall effect testing instrument is~0.23 cm 2 /Vs, very close to the reported value [25] but far lower than that of ITO continuous film (~10-70 cm 2 /Vs) [29,30]. The global carrier mobility for the ITO granular film reflects the average value throughout the film and is therefore significantly affected by interparticle transfer, surface scattering, and trapping.…”

Section: Characterization and Measurementssupporting

confidence: 77%

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Highly efficient charge collection in dye-sensitized solar cells based on nanocomposite photoanode filled with indium-tin oxide interlayer

Chen

Liu

Wang

et al. 2018

Adv Compos Hybrid Mater

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Owing to the electron scattering at the surface, the grain boundaries, and the defects of titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) nanoparticles (NPs), the electron diffusion length in the mesoporous TiO 2 layer is shorter than that of TiO 2 bulk single crystal, leading to a significantly increased charge recombination in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), herein TiO 2 photoanode sandwiching a layer of high-mobility indium-tin-oxide (ITO) granular film to form a TiO 2 /ITO/TiO 2 (TIT) photoanode. A large number of ITO NPs would penetrate deep into the mesoporous TiO 2 bottom layer to form the interconnected network, which can be served as highspeed electron transport channels, thereby enhancing the electron transfer and collection abilities. Compared with the reference device assembled with TiO 2 /TiO 2 (TT) photoanode, an increase of 14.78% in power conversion efficiency (PCE) was obtained for the optimized TIT device (8.23 vs 7.17%), which can be ascribed to the synergistic effects of faster electron transport and less charge recombination. Moreover, the electron transfer ability of TIT layer was also superior to TiO 2 -ITO composite photoanode, in which ITO NPs were uniformly dispersed in the TiO 2 mesoporous layer. Overall, this method paves a facile and effective way to improve the photovoltaic performance for highly efficient DSSCs of practical significance.

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Section: Characterization and Measurementssupporting

confidence: 77%

“…Owing to the high electron mobility and transparency in the visible range for indium-tin-oxide (ITO) [24,25] [27]. The two representative works above clearly indicated that ITO nanowire arrays, as a fast electron transfer channel, could effectively improve the device performance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly efficient charge collection in dye-sensitized solar cells based on nanocomposite photoanode filled with indium-tin oxide interlayer

Chen

Liu

Wang

et al. 2018

Adv Compos Hybrid Mater

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“…[ 1 ] The combination of band-gaps greater than 3 eV and carrier concentrations up to 10 21 cm −3 makes them both highly transparent in the visible spectrum and electrically conductive. [ 2,3 ] The tin doped indium oxide (ITO) fi lm is the most widely used TCO and the state-of-theart TCE in displays, touchscreens, light emitting diodes, thin Compared to ink-jet printing, high printing resolutions are achieved with EHD printing by the ejection of jets or droplets, which are much smaller than the actual nozzle size. [ 21,22 ] Yet only continuous grids with a relatively large line width above 7 µm have been demonstrated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrohydrodynamic NanoDrip Printing of High Aspect Ratio Metal Grid Transparent Electrodes

Schneider

Rohner

Thureja

et al. 2015

Adv Funct Materials

235

255

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833wileyonlinelibrary.com fi lm solar cells, and smart windows. [ 4 ] The main disadvantage of ITO is its limited optical performance at very low sheet resistances. Moreover, the brittleness of the ceramic ITO fi lms can present a bottleneck in the fabrication of highly fl exible devices. [ 5 ] These disadvantages have motivated recent research efforts toward alternative material systems such as carbon nanotube [ 6 ] or silver nanowire (AgNW) networks, [ 7,8 ] metallized electrospun nanowires, [ 9,10 ] graphene layers, [ 11 ] ultrathin metal fi lms, [ 12 ] self-forming [ 13 ] or patterned metal grids. [14][15][16][17][18][19][20] Ideally, besides having very good electrical and optical performance, the new system should be low cost, fl exible and include direct patterning. The former two can be achieved by the additive solution-processing of silver nanowire networks that show remarkable fl exibility. [ 8 ] Depending on the application, this method however requires a post deposition structuring step. Direct patterning can be implemented with metal-wire grid electrodes when considering suitable printing technologies. While grids have been realized with nanoscale lines in several studies, the fabrication relied on subtractive multistep patterning methods such as imprinting, [ 14,15,20 ] lithography, [ 15 ] or evaporative self-assembly. [ 16 ] For microscale line widths, although not completely additive, an elegant method using selective laser sintering of a silver or nickel nanoparticle fi lm has been presented by Hong et al. [ 17 ] and Lee et al., [ 18 ] respectively. A direct ink writing approach of concentrated silver inks has been shown by Ahn et al., demonstrating linewidths around 5 µm. [ 19 ] TCE of very high performance have been demonstrated by electrospinning of polymer nanowires followed by the metal evaporation resulting in nanotrough networks of various metals. [ 9 ] A similar procedure was used to fabricate a network of copper wires about 1 µm in diameter that can be transferred onto a fi ner mesh of solution-deposited nanowires. [ 10 ] However, this interesting method is neither additive nor does it have the ability for direct patterning.Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) printing, the technique used in this work, has been applied as a viable additive and noncontact printing technique. Conventional additive printing methods such as screen printing or inkjet printing simply lack the resolution needed for invisible metal grid TCE applications. Electrohydrodynamic NanoDrip Printing of High Aspect Ratio Metal Grid Transparent Electrodes

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“…Granular metals are composite materials in which the metallic granules are randomly embedded in an insulating matrix. Recently, the electronic conduction properties of granular metals have attracted much renewed theoretical [1][2][3][4] and experimental [5][6][7][8][9] attention, due to the improved nanoscale feature and rich fundamental phenomena in the presence of structural inhomogeneities. In particular, the intragrain electron dynamics is found to play a crucial role in the Hall transport 4 which has often been overlooked in the everlasting studies of granular systems.…”

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confidence: 99%

Logarithmic temperature dependence of Hall transport in granular metals

Zhang

Lin

2011

Phys. Rev. B

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We have measured the Hall coefficient RH and the electrical conductivity σ of a series of ultrathin indium tin oxide films between 2 and 300 K. A robust RH ∝ lnT law is observed in a considerably wide temperature range of 2 and ∼120 K. This lnT dependence is explained as originated from the electron-electron interaction effect in the presence of granularity, as newly theoretically predicted. Furthermore, we observed a σ ∝ lnT law from 3 K up to several tens K, which also arose from the Coulomb interaction effect in inhomogeneous systems. These results provide strong experimental supports for the current theoretical concepts for charge transport in granular metals with intergrain tunneling conductivity gT ≫1.PACS numbers: 72.20.My, 72.80.Tm Granular metals are composite materials in which the metallic granules are randomly embedded in an insulating matrix. Recently, the electronic conduction properties of granular metals have attracted much renewed theoretical 1-4 and experimental 5-9 attention, due to the improved nanoscale feature and rich fundamental phenomena in the presence of structural inhomogeneities. In particular, the intragrain electron dynamics is found to play a crucial role in the Hall transport 4 which has often been overlooked in the everlasting studies of granular systems. Previously, great efforts have long been focused on the intergrain electron behavior which governs the longitudinal electrical conductivity σ.2,3,10 In practice, an experimental detection of a many-body correction to σ is straightforward, while a measurement of a small correction to the Hall coefficient R H in a metallic system would be a challenging task.A granular metal refers to a granular conductor with the dimensionless intergrain tunneling conductivity g T =G T /(2e 2 /h)≫1, where G T is the intergrain tunneling conductance, e is the electronic charge, and h is the Planck constant. Efetov, Beloborodov, and coworkers have lately carried out a series of theoretical investigations in this regime. They found that the Coulomb electron-electron (e-e) interaction effect governs the carrier transport characteristics in the presence of granularity. Kharitonov and Efetov predicted that, in the wide temperature interval of g T δ k B T E 0 , R H should obeywhere n * is the effective carrier concentration, c d is a numerical lattice factor, δ is the mean energy level spacing in the grain, E c is the charging energy, E 0 =min(g T E c , E Th ), and E Th is the Thouless energy.In addition, Efetov and Tschersich 2 and Beloborodov et al.3 predicted that the intergrain e-e interaction effect would cause a longitudinal electrical conductivityin the temperature interval g T δ

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Mobility and carrier density in nanoporous indium tin oxide films

Cited by 24 publications

References 17 publications

Highly efficient charge collection in dye-sensitized solar cells based on nanocomposite photoanode filled with indium-tin oxide interlayer

Highly efficient charge collection in dye-sensitized solar cells based on nanocomposite photoanode filled with indium-tin oxide interlayer

Electrohydrodynamic NanoDrip Printing of High Aspect Ratio Metal Grid Transparent Electrodes

Logarithmic temperature dependence of Hall transport in granular metals

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