Mobile Genetic Elements of Vibrio cholerae and the Evolution of Its Antimicrobial Resistance

Abstract

Vibrio cholerae (VC) is the causative agent of the severe dehydrating diarrheal disease cholera. The primary treatment for cholera is oral rehydration therapy (ORT). However, in case of moderate to severe dehydration, antibiotics are administered to reduce morbidity. Due to the emergence of multidrug resistant (MDR) strains of VC routinely used antibiotics fail to be effective in cholera patients. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is encoded in the genome of bacteria and is usually acquired from other organisms cohabiting in the environment or in the gut with which it interacts in the gut or environmental niche. The antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) are usually borne on mobile genetic elements (MGEs) like plasmids, transposons, integrons and SXT constin. Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) helps in the exchange of ARGs among bacteria leading to dissemination of AMR. In VC the acquisition and loss of AMR to many antibiotics have been found to be a dynamic process. This review describes the different AMR determinants and mechanisms of resistance that have been discovered in VC. These ARGs borne usually on MGEs have been recovered from isolates associated with past and present epidemics worldwide. These are responsible for resistance of VC to common antibiotics and are periodically lost and gained contributing to its genetic evolution. These resistance markers can be routinely used for AMR surveillance in VC. The review also presents a precise perspective on the importance of the gut microbiome in the emergence of MDR VC and concludes that the gut microbiome is a potential source of molecular markers and networks which can be manipulated for the interception of AMR in the future.

Prediction of Antibiotic Susceptibility Profiles of Vibrio cholerae Isolates From Whole Genome Illumina and Nanopore Sequencing Data: CholerAegon

“…In V. cholerae quinolone resistance is mediated by point mutations in the genes encoding Topoisomerase IV and DNA Gyrase (topoisomerase II) enzymes, parCE and gyrAB , respectively (De, 2021 ). An isolate exhibits resistance to NA or CIP when SNPs are present in these genes, protecting the bacterial enzyme from inhibition by the antibiotic agent (Aldred et al, 2014 ).…”

Emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant foodborne pathogens from farm to table

“…The common ABC transport systems share a conserved core of four domains including two transmembrane domains (TMD) and two nucleotide-binding domains (NBD) (Lewis et al, 2012 ). The ABC transport systems are able to export antibiotics, for instance, VcaM can transport fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines in Vibrio cholera (De, 2021 ). The ABC transport systems include DrrAB that secretes daunorubicin and doxorubicin in Streptomyces peucetius and OleC4-OleC5 oleandomycin transporter in Streptomyces antibiotics (Lewis et al, 2012 ).…”

Insights into Carbapenem Resistance in Vibrio Species: Current Status and Future Perspectives

“…With the establishment of Vibrio as an emerging genus harboring carbapenem resistance, it is essential to identify how the species override the harmful effects of the antibiotics. Several antimicrobial resistance traits have been identified in pathogenic strains [ 92 , 116 , 167 , 168 ]. However, the pathways driving this resistance in Vibrio spp.…”