MnCo₂O₄ Microflowers Anchored on P-Doped g-C₃N₄ Nanosheets as an Electrocatalyst for Voltammetric Determination of the Antibiotic Drug Sulfadiazine

Abstract

In this work, hierarchically superior spinel crystalline manganese cobaltite (MnCo2O4) microflowers were hydrothermally synthesized to anchor on phosphorus-doped graphic carbon nitride nanosheet (MnCo2O4/P-CN) nanocomposites for the robust detection of the antibiotic sulfadiazine (SF). The structure and surface characteristics of the obtained composite were measured by the spectroscopic method, which collectively suggests the superior physical and chemical properties of the composite. The anodic oxidation of SF was considered at a glassy carbon electrode modified by MnCo2O4/P-CN (MnCo2O4/P-CN/GCE) using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and amperometry (i–t) techniques. A synergistic relationship between the high-quality flower-like MnCo2O4 and P-CN materials provides high electrical conductivity, larger surface area, and increased surface-active sites. The results indicate that MnCo2O4/P-CN/GCE shows excellent electrocatalytic activity toward the anodic oxidation of SF in pharmaceutical contaminants present in the environment at buffered pH 7.0. The proposed sensor via i–t and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) results exhibits a wide linear range (LR: 0.008–207.57 and 0.01–95.40 μM), lower detection limit (LOD: 1.2 and 3 nM), and good sensitivity (9.28 and 49.28 μM μA–1 cm–2), respectively, as well as an excellent operational and cycle stability toward the electrochemical determination of SF. The unique structural features of a spinel crystalline MnCo2O4 microflower with symmetrical petals and six trunks can progressively enhance the electrochemical performance of the SF sensor. The state-of-the-art analysis of real samples confirms the possible utilization of Mn–Co-based sensors toward the monitoring of antibiotic residues, thus helping in assessing the behavior of pharmaceutical contaminants in the environment.

Gadolinium Oxide Nanorods Anchored on g-C3N4 Nanosheets for Dual-Mode Electrochemical Determination of Clioquinol in Real-Time Analysis

“…The sensor exhibited good selectivity for CQL over inorganic cations due to the differences in their permeability and mobility as compared to the CQL ions. 55,56 The drug molecules with similar structures caused a slight variation in the current intensity with an almost negligible variance in the oxidation potential. There is no limit to the applicability of the prepared sensor as these drug molecules were not found together with CQL in any pharmaceutical preparation.…”

“…Gadolinium oxide (GdO) nanoparticles are extremely useful as catalysts, electrical materials, lasers, optical materials, nuclear materials, and phosphors. GdO has prospective uses in biomedicine, magnetic resonance imaging, as a multimodal contrast agent, and in cancer therapy. − Although GdO 1D nanostructures enhance catalytic performance through an electrode–electrolyte interaction, it lacks certain properties like sustainability, stability, ion diffusion, and reproducibility during the electrochemical determining process, which therefore inspired us to develop a robust pathway for tailoring electrocatalysts and fabricate a new nanoarchitecture. ,, …”

Construction of a Copper Bismuthate/Graphene Nanocomposite for Electrochemical Detection of Catechol

“…The electrochemical performance of a sensor strongly depends on the electrocatalysts of the electrodes. − The combination of distinctive nanostructured transition-metal oxides and post-transition-metal oxides has driven significant interest due to their versatile applications such as antibacterial, drug delivery, sensing, and environmental remediation. − The spinel phase mixed-metal oxide AB 2 O 4 has attracted growing attention because of its chemical composition. The cationic sharing of A and B cations’ valency can change the oxidation states, which are of substantive influence on the physical and chemical properties of the spinel metal oxides. − Among the spinel, structured metal oxides, the p-type semiconductor copper bismuthate (CuBi 2 O 4 ; CBO) has been conventionally used in various fields due to its exceptional characteristic features such as narrow band-gap, appropriate band positions, and low cost.…”

In Situ Synthesis of a Bismuth Vanadate/Molybdenum Disulfide Composite: An Electrochemical Tool for 3-Nitro-l-Tyrosine Analysis

“…However, the high cost, tedious procedure, prolonged duration, and the requirement of skilled personnel encompassed by these techniques make them less attractive for biosensing applications. , Compared to many conventional techniques, electrochemical sensors can be devised via simple and cost-efficient technologies. Additionally, electrochemical systems can detect a wide variety of metal ions and inorganic, organic, ionic, or neutral compounds. − High-performance electrochemical sensing technologies provide sensitive, rapid, and cost-effective solutions for detecting various analytes. − Nevertheless, electrochemical sensing presents significant analytical challenges because of its high overpotential requirement, reversibility, and interference from byproducts, making it insufficient for precise sensing. To mitigate these issues, the electrode surface is often modified with various materials such as metal-oxide nanoparticles, carbon materials, dichalcogenides, and so on.…”