Mixed Zwitterion-Based Self-Assembled Monolayer Interface for Impedimetric Glycomic Analyses of Human IgG Samples in an Array Format

Abstract

An impedimetric lectin biosensor for the detection of changes in the glycan structure of antibodies isolated from human serum is here correlated with the progression of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The biosensor was built up from a mixed self-assembled monolayer (SAM) on gold consisting of two different thiolated zwitterionic derivatives, carboxybetaine and sulfobetaine, to resist nonspecific interactions. The carboxyl-terminated one was applied also for the covalent immobilization of lectin Ricinus communis agglutinin I (RCA-I). The process of building a bioreceptive layer was optimized and characterized using a diverse range of techniques. Impedimetric assays were integrated on a chip consisting of eight gold working electrodes, which is an important step toward the achievement of a moderate level of multiplexing for the analysis of human serum samples. At the end, the results obtained by the impedimetric analysis of immunoglobulins G (IgGs) isolated from serum samples were compared with those of two other standard bioanalytical methods employing lectins, that is, lectin microarrays (MAs) and enzyme-linked lectin binding assays (ELLBAs). The impedimetric results agreed very well with the DAS28 index (RA disease activity score 28), suggesting that impedimetric assays could be used for the development of a new diagnostic procedure sensitive to glycosylation changes in human IgGs and thus RA progression.

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Based Biosensors: Mechanistic Principles, Analytical Examples and Challenges towards Commercialization for Assays of Protein Cancer Biomarkers

“…This phenomenon varies from case to case, depending on the size and shape of the probe and the analyte, hence each device needs to be optimized and calibrated individually. For calibration of the device, positive and negative controls are often needed on the same surface, thus an array format of analysis is required, reducing the input costs, increasing assay throughput and assay reliability. Mass production would also lead to the surfaces being produced in a reproducible way, as referred to in papers published to date.…”

Recent Progress in Electrochemical Biosensors for Glycoproteins

“…According to this protocol, various lectins including Sambuccus nigra agglutinin (SNA), Maackia amurensis agglutinin, and Ricinus communis agglutinin (RCA) have been covalently immobilized on carboxyl-terminated SAM-modified electrodes to prepare glycoprotein sensors [67,68,69,70]. The SNA-immobilized sensors show ultrasensitive detection limits as low as 0.33 fM for fetuin and 0.54 fM for asialofetuin in impedimetric measurements [67].…”

“…It was demonstrated using RCA-based impedimetric sensors that changes in the glycan structure of antibodies isolated from human serum are closely associated with rheumatoid arthritis [70]. It is possible to use SAM-coated Au electrodes modified with an oligosaccharide to detect lectin and influenza hemagglutinin [71,72].…”

Effects of the surface polarity of nanomaterials on their interaction with complement protein gC1q

“…[16][17][18][19][20][21] There is growing evidence that the immunological effects of NMs are inuenced by their surface polarity. 17,22,23 For example, the polyvinyl alcohol-coated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (PLGA-NPs) with neutral surface show higher phagocytosis than charged PLGA-NPs coated with chitosan or poloxamer 188. 17 And there have been a variety of experimental works showing the impacts of oxidation degree of GO on the interaction with proteins and the resulting inammation response and cytotoxicity in macrophages.…”