Mitogenic Factors from Group G Streptococci Associated with Scarlet Fever and Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome

Assimacopoulos, A.; Stoehr, Jennifer A.; Schlievert, P M

doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-1825-3_27

Cited by 21 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Therefore, most cases of human infection can be traced to an animal source (5). As our present study and earlier reports have indicated, these organisms secrete only a few superantigenic exotoxins or unknown exotoxins (1,17,27,35,38,45,49). Although clinical manifestations of STSS related to GCS and GGS are the same as those caused by GAS, the involvement of major superantigens such as SpeA, SpeB, and SpeC secreted from GAS are excluded.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 49%

“…Recently, case reports referring to STSS caused by the Lancefield group C streptococci (GCS and G i and GGS, respectively) have also accumulated (1,2,11,14,17,24,27,30,35,38,45,49; H. Watanabe (ed. ), Rep. 24th Hyg.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We performed epidemiological analyses with chromosomal pulsedfield gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and emm typing of these GCS and GGS strains. We further searched for the genes encoding superantigenic or mitogenic toxins, including a number of novel streptococcal exotoxins that are believed to express superantigenic or mitogenic activities (1,39,49), for more understanding of the pathogenesis of this rare, severe infection.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Characterization of Group C and G Streptococcal Strains That Cause Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome

Hashikawa

Iinuma

Furushita³

et al. 2004

J Clin Microbiol

164

119

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Twelve strains (the largest number ever reported) of group C and G 1 streptococci (GCS and GGS, respectively) that caused streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS) were collected and characterized. Eleven strains were identified as Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis, and one strain was identified as Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. We found that it was the first reported case of STSS caused by S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus. Cluster analysis according to the 16S rRNA gene (rDNA) sequences revealed that the S. dysgalactiae strains belonged to clusters I and II, both of which were closely related. The emm types and the restriction patterns of chromosomal DNA measured by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis were highly variable in these strains except BL2719 and N1434. The 16S rDNA sequences and other characteristics of these two strains were indistinguishable, suggesting the clonal dissemination of this particular S. dysgalactiae strain in Japan. As the involvement of superantigens in the pathogenesis of group A streptococcus-related STSS has been suggested, we tried to detect known streptococcal superantigens in GCS and GGS strains. However, only the spegg gene was detected in seven S. dysgalactiae strains, with none of the other superantigen genes being detected in any of the strains. However, the sagA gene was detected in all of the strains except Tokyo1291. In the present study no apparent factor(s) responsible for the pathogenesis of STSS was identified, although close genetic relationships of GCS and GGS strains involved in this disease were suggested.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 49%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Characterization of Group C and G Streptococcal Strains That Cause Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome

Hashikawa

Iinuma

Furushita³

et al. 2004

J Clin Microbiol

164

119

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“…Evidence also suggests that PTSAgs may be present in other species. Compounds from group G streptococci have been partially characterized that are mitogenic and can produce fevers and induce lethal activity in the endotoxin hypersensitivity model of toxic shock syndrome (2). Since numerous cases of STSS caused by group C (15,28,43) and group G (15, 30) streptococci have been reported, it is possible that other novel superantigens are involved.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Characterization of Streptococcal Pyrogenic Exotoxin J, a Novel Superantigen

et al. 2001

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Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS) is a highly lethal, acute-onset illness that is a subset of invasive streptococcal disease. The majority of clinical STSS cases have been associated with the pyrogenic toxin superantigens (PTSAgs) streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A or C (SPE A or C), although cases have been reported that are not associated with either of these exotoxins. Recent genome sequencing projects have revealed a number of open reading frames that potentially encode proteins with similarity to SPEs A and C and to other PTSAgs. Here, we describe the cloning, expression, purification, and functional characterization of a novel exotoxin termed streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin J (SPE J). Purified recombinant SPE J (rSPE J) expressed from Escherichia coli stimulated the expansion of both rabbit splenocytes and human peripheral blood lymphocytes, preferentially expanded human T cells displaying V␤2, -3, -12, -14, and -17 on their T-cell receptors, and was active at concentrations as low as 5 ؋ 10 ؊6 g/ml. Furthermore, rSPE J induced fevers in rabbits and was lethal in two models of STSS. Biochemically, SPE J had a predicted molecular weight of 24,444 and an isoelectric point of 7.7 and lacked the ability to form the cystine loop structure characteristic of many PTSAgs. SPE J shared 19.6, 47.1, 38.8, 18.1, 19.6, and 24.4% identity with SPEs A, C, G, and H, streptococcal superantigen, and streptococcal mitogenic exotoxin Z-2, respectively, and was immunologically cross-reactive with SPE C. The characterization of a seventh functional streptococcal PTSAg raises important questions relating to the evolution of the streptococcal superantigens.

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“…Recently, there have been a number of clinical case reports of STSS caused by S. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis, though S. dysgalactiae strains are generally pathogenic in animals (4,8,12,15,19,25,26,38). In addition to SDM, S. dysgalactiae harbors a gene encoding a protein similar to SPE-G, which has been designated in different ways, such as spegg or speG dys (7,11,31).…”

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confidence: 99%

Cloning, Expression, and Characterization of the Superantigen Streptococcal Pyrogenic Exotoxin G from Streptococcus dysgalactiae

et al. 2007

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We identified seven novel variants of streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin G (SPEGG), a superantigen, in Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae or equisimilis isolates from clinical cases of infection in humans and animals. Phylogenetic analysis of the SPEGG variants indicated two clades in the dendrogram: one composed of variants derived from the bacteria isolated from the humans and the other composed of variants from the bacteria isolated from the animals. Bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were stimulated effectively by recombinant SPEGGs (rSPEGGs) expressed in Escherichia coli, while human PBMCs were not stimulated well by any of the rSPEGGs tested. SPEGGs selectively stimulated bovine T cells bearing V␤1,10 and V␤4. Bovine serum showed reactivity to the rSPEGG proteins. These results indicated that SPEGGs have properties as superantigens, and it is likely that SPEGGs play a pathogenic role in animals.

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Mitogenic Factors from Group G Streptococci Associated with Scarlet Fever and Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome

Cited by 21 publications

References 7 publications

Characterization of Group C and G Streptococcal Strains That Cause Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome

Characterization of Group C and G Streptococcal Strains That Cause Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome

Functional Characterization of Streptococcal Pyrogenic Exotoxin J, a Novel Superantigen

Cloning, Expression, and Characterization of the Superantigen Streptococcal Pyrogenic Exotoxin G from Streptococcus dysgalactiae

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