Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Skeletal Muscle: Exercise and Aging

Exercise Training Improves Memory Performance in Older Adults: A Narrative Review of Evidence and Possible Mechanisms

“…There is a bidirectional relationship between the brain and skeletal muscles in a way that both organs benefit from exercise, in order to get adaptation, and in this scenario, mitochondria play pivotal roles in cells survival, metabolism, and oxidative stress (Hood et al, 2019;Burtscher et al, 2021). Studies showed that the number of mitochondria are decreased with aging in healthy adults (Flockhart et al, 2021), and are increased by exercise training (Damirchi et al, 2012;Hood et al, 2019;Huertas et al, 2019;Granata et al, 2021). Exercise training increases antioxidant capacities and the affinity of mitochondria for oxygen (Sun et al, 2016;Hood et al, 2019), also increases proteins involved in energy production and ATP (Bishop et al, 2019;Hood et al, 2019), and finally stimulates mitophagy in skeletal muscles (Bishop et al, 2019;Burtscher et al, 2021), and brain (Navarro et al, 2004;Steiner et al, 2011;Li et al, 2019).…”

Bio-Hacking Better Health—Leveraging Metabolic Biochemistry to Maximise Healthspan

“…In a healthy individual, both young and old, wayward cells implement active cellular response management systems of repair and/or removal and replacement, these include the following: autophagy, mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis, the “eating up, breaking down and recycling” of intracellular organelles, that have been registered as damaged or impaired [ 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 ]. Thus, these processes are essential for containing and preventing the accumulation of intracellular damage, reducing dysregulated cellular behaviour and regulating the production and release of inflammatory signalling molecules.…”

“…The intracellular organelles, mitochondria, are charged with producing the largest bulk of energy for the majority of our cells [ 53 ]. These dynamic organelles are both a source of life-sustaining energy and a source of destruction, from the processes of capturing chemical energy, via the breakdown of nutrients with the use of oxygen, into the highly efficient small molecule adenosine-triphosphate (ATP) [ 33 , 41 , 54 , 55 ].…”

“…A class of free radicals produced include the following: superoxide (O 2 •− ), an oxygen molecule with an extra electron; hydroxyl (-OH) or hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), the same found in household drain cleaner, albeit at a different concentration. Collectively, these are termed ROS [ 33 , 41 ].…”