Exercise Training Improves Memory Performance in Older Adults: A Narrative Review of Evidence and Possible Mechanisms

Babaei, Parvin; Azari, Helya Bolouki

doi:10.3389/fnhum.2021.771553

Cited by 32 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 255 publications

(292 reference statements)

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“…Regular exercise increased irisin expression in all tissues analyzed compared to sedentary inactivity (Belviranli and Okudan, 2018). Recent studies have also shown that irisin is associated with improved neurocognitive performance in older adults and plays a key role in the facilitative effects of exercise on learning and memory (Babaei and Azari, 2021). More importantly, in a 2021 study, Colaianni et al examined a series of patients undergoing total hip or knee arthroplasty.…”

Section: Irisin and Agingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise-induced modulation of myokine irisin in bone and cartilage tissue—Positive effects on osteoarthritis: A narrative review

Ning

Wang

Zhang

2022

Front. Aging Neurosci.

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Osteoarthritis is a chronic degenerative musculoskeletal disease characterized by pathological changes in joint structures along with the incidence of which increases with age. Exercise is recommended for all clinical treatment guidelines of osteoarthritis, but the exact molecular mechanisms are still unknown. Irisin is a newly discovered myokine released mainly by skeletal muscle in recent years—a biologically active protein capable of being released into the bloodstream as an endocrine factor, the synthesis and secretion of which is specifically induced by exercise-induced muscle contraction. Although the discovery of irisin is relatively recent, its role in affecting bone density and cartilage homeostasis has been reported. Here, we review the production and structural characteristics of irisin and discuss the effects of the different types of exercise involved in the current study on irisin and the role of irisin in anti-aging. In addition, the role of irisin in the regulation of bone mineral density, bone metabolism, and its role in chondrocyte homeostasis and metabolism is reviewed. A series of studies on irisin have provided new insights into the mechanisms of exercise training in improving bone density, resisting cartilage degeneration, and maintaining the overall environmental homeostasis of the joint. These studies further contribute to the understanding of the role of exercise in the fight against osteoarthritis and will provide an important reference and aid in the development of the field of osteoarthritis prevention and treatment.

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Section: Irisin and Agingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise-induced modulation of myokine irisin in bone and cartilage tissue—Positive effects on osteoarthritis: A narrative review

Ning

Wang

Zhang

2022

Front. Aging Neurosci.

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“…123 Therefore, the protective effects of physical exercise may result from several mechanisms, including not only boosting brain function through myokines and other signals eliciting plastic changes in the hippocampus and other brain areas but also by increasing cerebral blood flow, improving glymphatic drainage, and reducing metabolic and vascular risk factors. 124 For example, exercise-induced myokines, hepatokines (such as FGF1 and IGF1), and adipokines (such as adiponectin) not only promote BDNF signaling and hippocampal neurogenesis but also have insulin-sensitizing, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antiatherogenic properties. 47,110,125 Exercise also has neuroprotective effects by reducing oxidative stress 126 and promoting mitochondrial biogenesis 127 in the brain.…”

Section: Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%

What Muscle Signals Mediate the Beneficial Effects of Exercise on Cognition?

Benarroch

2022

Neurology

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Cumulative evidence indicates that physical exercise has positive effects on cognitive functions. Physical activity decreases the rate of cognitive decline both in healthy people and in people with neurodegenerative disorders across the lifespan.1-5 Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity has been shown to be associated with improved learning and memory,1,6,7 executive functions,8 and reaction time.9 A recent longitudinal population-based study including 2,060 cognitively unimpaired men and women aged 70 years or older showed that light-intensity midlife physical activity was associated with less decline in memory function, and vigorous late-life physical activity was associated with less decline in language, attention, and global cognition compared with the no physical activity reference group.10 Physical activity has also been associated with a reduced risk of dementia among individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).11 Aerobic exercise has beneficial effects on cognitive symptoms in Alzheimer disease (AD),12-14 frontotemporal dementia,15 and Parkinson disease (PD).16-19 For example, randomized controlled trials show that physical exercise improved cognition in both AD and MCI groups, with an effect size similar to that of donepezil.20 In patients with PD, aerobic exercise increased functional connectivity of the anterior putamen with the sensorimotor cortex and functional connectivity in the right frontoparietal network, stabilizing disease progression in the corticostriatal sensorimotor network and enhancing cognitive performance.21 Exercise training program also had positive effects on prefrontal activity and gait performance.22

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“…Cognitive function-related myokines have been demonstrated to regulate the metabolism of not only skeletal muscle but also the brain. A recent review also concluded that molecular mechanisms underlying exercise modulating cognitive performance are expected to be due to up-regulated neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity mediated by myokines [ 20 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Effects of Resistant Exercise on Cognitive and Muscle Functions Mediated by Myokines in Sarcopenic Obese Mice

2022

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Recently, it has been demonstrated that in sarcopenic obesity (SO), physical activity could improve cognitive functions. Moreover, previous studies suggested that muscle contraction could influence cognitive function via myokines. This study investigated the potential effects of resistant exercise on cognitive and muscle functions in SO. SO was induced by a high-fat diet treatment for 8 weeks in 8-month-old male C57BL/6J mice. Then, resistant exercise (ladder climbing) for 8 weeks was performed. Muscle and cognitive function tests and morphological analysis were conducted. The protein levels of myokines were investigated in muscle, plasma, and the hippocampus in sarcopenic obese mice. Muscle and cognitive functions were significantly elevated in the obesity-exercise group (EX) compared to the obesity-control group (OB). Interestingly, muscle function was positively correlated with cognitive function. Abnormal morphological changes in the hippocampus were ameliorated in EX compared to OB, but not in the muscle. Protein levels of cognitive function-related myokines and energy metabolism-related markers in EX were significantly elevated in both muscle and hippocampus compared to those in OB. Interestingly, the protein level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in EX was simultaneously increased in all tissues including muscle, plasma, and hippocampus compared to that in OB. In conclusion, modulation of muscle-derived cognitive function-related myokines in various pathological conditions via a resistant exercise could be a possible way of relieving muscle and cognitive dysfunction.

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Exercise Training Improves Memory Performance in Older Adults: A Narrative Review of Evidence and Possible Mechanisms

Abstract: Graphical AbstractExercise, neurotransmitters, growth factors, myokines, and potential effects on the brain.

Cited by 32 publications

References 255 publications

Exercise-induced modulation of myokine irisin in bone and cartilage tissue—Positive effects on osteoarthritis: A narrative review

Exercise-induced modulation of myokine irisin in bone and cartilage tissue—Positive effects on osteoarthritis: A narrative review

What Muscle Signals Mediate the Beneficial Effects of Exercise on Cognition?

Potential Effects of Resistant Exercise on Cognitive and Muscle Functions Mediated by Myokines in Sarcopenic Obese Mice

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