Mirror Therapy for Chronic Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type 1 and Stroke

Abstract

T h e ne w e ngl a nd jou r na l o f m e dic i ne n engl j med 361;6 nejm.org august 6, 2009 634 lost extensibility), and a knee with limited mobility. 2 The minimally invasive approach is appropriate for most but not all knees.

The Effects of Graded Motor Imagery and Its Components on Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…Interestingly, participants receiving motor imagery treatment had increased pain levels (compared to baseline pain). Similar findings were reported by Cacchio et al 2 , in which six out of eight participants experienced increased pain levels following four weeks of motor imagery. However, Cacchio et al 2 found no difference between motor imagery and covered mirror therapy (five of eight participants had increased pain in covered mirror therapy group).…”

“…Four authors were contacted to gain additional information required to calculate the effect size of their intervention 2,3,23,25,26,28 . One author could not be contacted, thus the effect size for this study could not be calculated 2 .…”

“…Three other studies evaluated individual components of GMI 2,3,23 . No studies primarily evaluated left/right judgements; however, two studies 25, 26 evaluating GMI provided sufficient data to enable calculation of effect sizes for the two weeks of left/right judgement training.…”

“…No studies primarily evaluated left/right judgements; however, two studies 25, 26 evaluating GMI provided sufficient data to enable calculation of effect sizes for the two weeks of left/right judgement training. Three studies 2,3,23 evaluated the effects of mirror therapy on chronic pain. Two studies 2, 3 evaluated the effects of motor imagery.…”

“…Michielsen et al 23 presented additional bias in that they failed to report any baseline similarities or differences between groups on pain. Two other studies also failed to report whether groups had similar baseline pain levels 2,3 . This lack of this information has implications for the validity of the observed effect sizes as it is uncertain whether differences found between groups may have been influenced by baseline group differences.…”