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Mesalazine is a 5-aminosalicylic acid derivative that has been widely used to treat patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Accumulating evidence indicates that mesalazine has a very low rate of adverse drug reactions and is well tolerated by patients. However, a few cases of pulmonary and cardiac disease related to mesalazine have been reported in the past, though infrequently, preventing clinicians from diagnosing the conditions early. We describe the case of a 32-year-old man with ulcerative colitis who was admitted with a two-month history of persistent fever following mesalazine treatment initiated 14 mo earlier. At the time of admission, mesalazine dose was increased from 1.5 to 3.0 g/d, and antibiotic therapy was started with no improvement. Three weeks after admission, the patient developed dyspnea, non-productive cough, and chest pain. Severe eosinophilia was detected in laboratory tests, and a computed tomography scan revealed interstitial infiltrates in both lungs, as well as a large pericardial effusion. The bronchoalveolar lavage reported a CD4/CD8 ratio of 0.5, and an increased eosinophil count. Transbronchial biopsy examination showed a severe eosinophilic infiltrate of the lung tissue. Mesalazine-induced cardiopulmonary hypersensitivity was suspected after excluding other possible etiologies. Consequently, mesalazine treatment was suspended, and corticosteroid therapy was initiated, resulting in resolution of symptoms and radiologic abnormalities. We conclude that mesalazine-induced pulmonary and cardiac hypersensitivity should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of unexplained cardiopulmonary symptoms and radiographic abnormalities in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Mesalazine is a 5-aminosalicylic acid derivative that has been widely used to treat patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Accumulating evidence indicates that mesalazine has a very low rate of adverse drug reactions and is well tolerated by patients. However, a few cases of pulmonary and cardiac disease related to mesalazine have been reported in the past, though infrequently, preventing clinicians from diagnosing the conditions early. We describe the case of a 32-year-old man with ulcerative colitis who was admitted with a two-month history of persistent fever following mesalazine treatment initiated 14 mo earlier. At the time of admission, mesalazine dose was increased from 1.5 to 3.0 g/d, and antibiotic therapy was started with no improvement. Three weeks after admission, the patient developed dyspnea, non-productive cough, and chest pain. Severe eosinophilia was detected in laboratory tests, and a computed tomography scan revealed interstitial infiltrates in both lungs, as well as a large pericardial effusion. The bronchoalveolar lavage reported a CD4/CD8 ratio of 0.5, and an increased eosinophil count. Transbronchial biopsy examination showed a severe eosinophilic infiltrate of the lung tissue. Mesalazine-induced cardiopulmonary hypersensitivity was suspected after excluding other possible etiologies. Consequently, mesalazine treatment was suspended, and corticosteroid therapy was initiated, resulting in resolution of symptoms and radiologic abnormalities. We conclude that mesalazine-induced pulmonary and cardiac hypersensitivity should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of unexplained cardiopulmonary symptoms and radiographic abnormalities in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
RÉSUMÉContexte : L'emploi de médicaments à base d'acide 5-aminosalicylique (5-AAS) peut causer un effet indésirable rare, mais potentiellement mortel qui se traduit par l'inflammation du myocarde (myocardite) ou du péricarde (péricardite) ou de ces deux éléments du système cardiaque (myopéricardite). Il est important d'établir rapidement que l'inflammation est imputable à l'AAS afin de prévenir la progression de cet effet indésirable. Objectif : Fournir aux cliniciens de l'information les aidant à reconnaître les signes et symptômes d'une inflammation cardiaque causée par le 5-AAS et les caractéristiques de la thérapie soupçonnée ainsi qu'à déterminer l'approche thérapeutique adéquate. Sources des données, sélection des études et extraction des données :La base de données Embase a été interrogée, pour la période allant de 1974 au 17 juillet 2015, afin de trouver des descriptions publiées de cas d'inflammation cardiaque causée par des médicaments contenant du 5-AAS. Les termes utilisés pour la recherche comprenaient les noms d'agents précis ainsi que les termes désignant différents types d'inflammation cardiaque. La langue n'était pas un critère pour l'admissibilité des articles à la présente revue narrative. Résultats : Il n'y a pas de symptôme, de signe, d'examen de laboratoire ou de cortège de symptômes et de signes qui soit pathognomonique d'une toxicité myocardique ou péricardique causée par le 5-AAS. De même, il n'y a pas de résultat de laboratoire, d'électrocardiogramme ou d'échocar-diogramme, seul ou en association, qui puisse attribuer la cause de symptômes non spécifiques au 5-AAS. Cependant, la plupart des patients présentent des douleurs thoraciques, une dyspnée et de la fièvre au cours des 28 premiers jours suivant l'amorce du traitement par le 5-AAS. L'examen physique, l'électrocardiographie et l'imagerie diagnostique permettent d'obtenir des résultats qui indiquent une myocardite, avec ou sans péricardite. L'interruption rapide du traitement par le 5-AAS permet la disparition des symptômes en quelques jours, sans avoir à recourir à un traitement d'appoint. La réintroduction de toute préparation à base de 5-AAS comporte un risque élevé de récurrence de l'inflammation. Conclusions : Tout patient affichant des douleurs thoraciques, de la dyspnée ou de la fièvre dans les 28 jours suivant l'amorce d'un traitement avec une préparation contenant du 5-AAS doit être considéré comme présentant une inflammation causée par un médicament. Il faut interrompre immédiatement le traitement par le 5-AAS jusqu'à ce que d'autres causes puissent être confirmées ou infirmées. Si l'on ne trouve pas d'autre cause aux symptômes, le traitement par le 5-AAS ne doit pas être recommencé.
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