“…However, even after accounting for career-stage differences, approximately 2% of the variation in citation impact was accounted for by gender and race/ethnicity. This adds to a growing literature across disciplines examining group differences in scientific impact by gender (Boice, Shaughnessy, & Pecker, 1985;Cole & Singer, 1991;Gonzalez-Brambila & Veloso, 2007;Haslam et al, 2008;Helmreich, Spence, Beane, Lucker, & Matthews, 1980;Joy, 2006;Long, 1992;Sandström, 2009;Xie & Shauman, 1998) and race/ethnicity (Blackburn, Wenzel, & Bieber, 1994;Clemente, 1974;del Carmen & Bing, 2000;Elmore & Blackburn, 1983;Freeman, 1978;Greenwald & Schuh, 1994;Nettles, Perna, & Bradburn, 1995;Rafky, 1972;Wanner, Lewis, & Gregorio, 1981). In total, the data on gender and race/ethnicity differences in citation impact suggests that the gaps are real, perhaps small, and the full explanation is still unknown.…”