Asian and female in the white God's world: a qualitative exploration of discrimination in Christian academia

Kim, Christina L.; Anderson, Tamara L.; Hall, M. Elizabeth Lewis; Willingham, Michele M.

doi:10.1080/13674670903384533

Cited by 15 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(29 reference statements)

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“…Cautions should be taken in applying these findings to more ethnically diverse contexts particularly in light of the complications resulting from the intersection of sexism and racism (e.g., Kim et al, 2010). Additionally, this study's use of both self-report and online collection of data may have influenced the reliability of data collected.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although studies have shown that religiosity is strongly correlated with gender inequitable attitudes (Seguino, 2011), little research exists on sexual harassment and gender harassment in Christian academia. While a handful of studies have documented gender based discrimination among faculty members at Christian institutions (Christerson, Hall, & Cunningham, in press;Garlett, 1997;Hall, in press;Hall, Christerson, & Cunningham, 2010;Hall, Cunningham, & Christerson, 2008;Ingersoll, 2003;Kim, Anderson, Hall, & Willingham, 2010;Sequeira, Trzyna, Abbott, & McHenry, 1995;Walker, 2001) no research was identified regarding the frequency or the outcomes of gender or sexual harassment in a Christian university student population such as the one used for this study.…”

Section: Sexual Harassment and Gender Harassment In Christian Academiamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Because God Said so: Religious Facets of Sexual and Gender Harassment in Christian Academia

Eliason

Elizabeth

Hall

et al. 2011

Journal of Psychology and Theology

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The present study explored experiences of sexism (sexual and gender harassment) in a Christian university student population. This study assessed the frequency of sexism, documented how sexism is expressed in a Christian context, and evaluated the relationships between sexism and two outcomes, campus climate and college satisfaction. Additionally, it was hypothesized that attribution of gender harassment to the perpetrator's religious belief system would potentiate the negative effects of harassment. 187 female students completed an online questionnaire, including the Sexual Experiences Questionnaire—Short Form (SEQ), the General Campus Climate Scale (GCCS), and the MMPI-2 College Maladjustment Scale (CMS). Results indicated very low rates of sexual harassment. Also, religious attributions for gender harassment had a significantly negative relationship with the outcome variables although they did not moderate these outcomes. Qualitative descriptions of students’ experiences with gender harassment were recorded, shedding light on what gender harassing behaviors look like in Christian academia.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sexual Harassment and Gender Harassment In Christian Academiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Because God Said so: Religious Facets of Sexual and Gender Harassment in Christian Academia

Eliason

Elizabeth

Hall

et al. 2011

Journal of Psychology and Theology

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“…The sample was also largely European American. Caution should be taken in applying these findings to more ethnically diverse contexts, particularly in light of the complications resulting from the intersection of sexism and racism (e.g., Kim, Anderson, Hall, & Willingham, in press).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sanctified Sexism: Religious Beliefs and the Gender Harassment of Academic Women

Hall

Christerson

Cunningham

2010

Psychology of Women Quarterly

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The present study explored gender harassment in the context of Christian higher education. Specifically, we examined ways in which the theologically based gender schemas in these settings might affect the experiences of harassment among male and female faculty. A questionnaire containing measures of harassment and two aspects of institutional climate (the degree to which the participant feels he or she has influence in the academic unit and perceived access to information about academic life and advancement) was sent to all faculty at a single university; 138 responses (a 65% response rate) were received. Of these, 89 (68%) were male and 42 (32%) female, closely resembling the gender distribution of the faculty. Results indicated that attributing discrimination to the Christian beliefs of the perpetrator moderated the effects of harassment on the two organizational climate variables, potentiating the negative effects at higher levels of harassment. These results suggest that the religious context of institutions should be taken into account in confronting sexism in religiously committed settings. Effective interventions should be tailored to address theological concerns in order to counteract the implied immutability of theologically based sexist statements.

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“…Firstly, all data were collected via self-report, which can elicit biases from participants. Another limitation is that this sample was mostly White (59%), and the analysis did not consider the possible nuances relating to the intersectionality of racial/ethnic discrimination with gender discrimination (Buchanan et al, 2009;Kim, Anderson, Hall, & Willingham, 2010). Moreover, while the measure of sexuality policing demonstrated excellent reliability and correlated well with the overall gender harassment measure, it was developed by the authors specifically for use in this study and should be validated in future studies.…”

Section: Limitations and Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Only one study was found that looked at gender harassment through a lens of race at a Christian university. Using a phenomenological approach, Kim, Anderson, Hall, and Willingham (2010) found that Asian/Asian-American female faculty members at Christian universities across the country were discriminated against not just for being women, but for being Asian women.…”

Section: Religious-based Harassmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Divine Discrimination: Gender Harassment and Christian Justification

Muldoon

Wilson

2017

Journal of Psychology and Theology

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Gender harassment (i.e., derogatory comments or actions that express stereotypical attitudes regarding someone's gender) is often times the most prominent form of sex-based harassment directed towards women in both workplace and academic settings. This study explored the moderating effect of Christian attribution on gender harassment predicting college adjustment for college women using a mixed-methods approach rooted in feminist theoretical perspectives. Two hundred twenty-three female-identified students attending a Catholic university in a large, urban city completed the Gender Experiences Questionnaire (GEQ), a measure designed to capture instances of sexuality policing, indicated whether they believed reported harassment was motivated by the Christian/Catholic belief of the perpetrator, and completed the Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire (SACQ). Additionally, participants were asked to write about their experiences of reported Christian-motivated gender harassment. Overall gender harassment negatively predicted college adjustment. Additionally, Christian attribution was found to moderate the impact of sexuality policing on college adjustment. A qualitative analysis of participants' own descriptions of Christian-motivated gender harassment revealed that participants identified their classmates/peers as the most common perpetrator(s) of harassment and the most common cited reason for making a Christian attribution was knowing the perpetrator's Christian/Catholic religious affiliation. Conclusions, limitations of the study, and future directions for research are discussed.

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Asian and female in the white God's world: a qualitative exploration of discrimination in Christian academia

Cited by 15 publications

References 34 publications

Because God Said so: Religious Facets of Sexual and Gender Harassment in Christian Academia

Because God Said so: Religious Facets of Sexual and Gender Harassment in Christian Academia

Sanctified Sexism: Religious Beliefs and the Gender Harassment of Academic Women

Divine Discrimination: Gender Harassment and Christian Justification

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