“…A recent estimate places the total societal burden of alcohol and illicit drugs at almost $US540bn (in 2016 dollars) (Caulkins et al, 2014). SUDs are associated with morbidity and mortality (Carpenter and Dobkin, 2009), increased utilization of general health care (Balsa et al, 2009), traffic fatalities (Adams et al, 2011), crime and violence (Markowitz, 2005), and reduced productivity in the labor market (Mullahy and Sindelar, 1996). Importantly, SUD treatment has been shown to cost-effectively reduce SUDs and minimize associated social costs (Popovici and French, 2013).…”