Minimizing Photodiode Nonlinearities by Compensating Voltage-Dependent Responsivity Effects

Hastings, Alexander S.; Tulchinsky, D.A.; Williams, K.J.; Pan, Huapu; Beling, Andreas; Campbell, Joe C.

doi:10.1109/jlt.2010.2081968

Cited by 19 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…We speculate that electron-phonon, electron-carrier, and/or electron-impurity collisions are disrupting the quantum coherence that is needed for the Franz-Keldysh effect to appear in the experimental devices. We note that the Franz-Keldysh effect has been observed to be important in some modern-day devices [11], [13].…”

Section: Franz-keldysh Effectmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…The drop is only 0.05 V. However, we note that the load resistor becomes important when the current is large as is the case in some modern-day devices [11], [13].…”

Section: B External Loading and Thermionic Emissionmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…Subsequent to the early simulation work [2]- [5], it has been discovered that several effects not included in the original studies can play an important role. These include external loading [6], thermionic emission at the heterojunction boundaries [7]- [9], incomplete ionization [9], impact ionization [9]- [12], and the Franz-Keldysh effect [13].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modeling Sources of Nonlinearity in a Simple p-i-n Photodetector

Marks

Menyuk

et al. 2014

J. Lightwave Technol.

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Abstract-Nonlinearity in p-i-n photodetectors leads to power generation at harmonics of the input frequency, limiting the performance of RF-photonic systems. We use one-dimensional and two-dimensional simulations of the drift-diffusion equations to determine the physical origin of the saturation in a simple heterojunction p-i-n photodetector at room temperature. Incomplete ionization, external loading, impact ionization, and the Franz-Keldysh effect are all included in the model. Impact ionization is the main source of nonlinearity at large reverse bias (>10 V in the device that we simulated). The electron and hole current contributions to the second harmonic power were calculated. We find that impact ionization has a greater effect on the electrons than it does on the holes. We also find that the hole velocity saturates slowly with increasing reverse bias, and the hole current makes a large contribution to the harmonic power at 10 V. This result implies that decreasing the hole injection will decrease the harmonic power.Index Terms-2D simulation, impact ionization, nonlinearity, p-i-n photodetector.

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Section: Franz-keldysh Effectmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…The drop is only 0.05 V. However, we note that the load resistor becomes important when the current is large as is the case in some modern-day devices [11], [13].…”

Section: B External Loading and Thermionic Emissionmentioning

confidence: 79%

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Modeling Sources of Nonlinearity in a Simple p-i-n Photodetector

Marks

Menyuk

et al. 2014

J. Lightwave Technol.

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“…We see that the intercept points derived from these two techniques agree quite well; the 1-3 dB differences are readily attributed to measurement accuracy (the ESA amplitude accuracy is 1 dB for both systems). There are likely small wavelength-dependent variations in the measured nonlinearity as well [37]; however, this area warrants further research. This comparison illustrates that both techniques provide equivalent measurement fidelity for current photodiode structures.…”

Section: B Example Nonlinearity Measurementmentioning

confidence: 95%

Optical Comb Sources and High-Resolution Optical Filtering for Measurement of Photodiode Harmonic Distortion

McKinney

Leaird

Hastings

et al. 2010

J. Lightwave Technol.

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Abstract-In this work we preset a new technique for measurement of harmonic distortion in microwave photodiodes. Our technique combines optical combs and high-resolution optical filtering to provide a pure optical two-tone excitation of the photodiode. Our technique removes the challenges presented by laser frequency drift and modulator bias control by utilizing a single laser and phase-modulation to synthesize the optical combs. We demonstrate our technique through measurement of the harmonic distortion generated in a commercial InGaAs photodiode and compare our results with those obtained via phase-locked laser measurements. We show that this technique provides essentially equivalent measurement fidelity to phase-locked laser techniques while offering decreased system complexity. We additionally provide a general discussion of the limits of nonlinearity measurements performed using optical heterodyne techniques.

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“…typically varies slightly as a function of the operating conditions of the device. Nonlinearities resulting from both current-dependant [1] and voltage-dependant [8] responsivities have been presented in the literature, and some basic analysis in calculating nonlinearities from the voltagedependant responsivity has been suggested [2], but to the author's knowledge, no photodiode nonlinearity has been numerically quantified using responsivity measurements. In this work, we present a detailed mathematical model for photodiode distortion as a function of the current-dependant responsivity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying current-dependant quantum efficiency photodiode nonlinearities

Hastings

Draa

Williams

2011

2011 International Topical Meeting on Microwave Photonics Jointly Held With the 2011 Asia-Pacific Microwave Photonics Conferenc

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Nonlinearities in the RF output of a p-i-n photodiode are attributed to photocurrent-dependent changes in the photodiode quantum efficiency (responsivity). Physical causes of the current dependence are discussed, and a mathematical model for calculating the resulting distortion power is presented. Photodiode responsivity is measured and used to calculate distortion, which is then compared to measured nonlinearity data.

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Minimizing Photodiode Nonlinearities by Compensating Voltage-Dependent Responsivity Effects

Cited by 19 publications

References 13 publications

Modeling Sources of Nonlinearity in a Simple p-i-n Photodetector

Modeling Sources of Nonlinearity in a Simple p-i-n Photodetector

Optical Comb Sources and High-Resolution Optical Filtering for Measurement of Photodiode Harmonic Distortion

Quantifying current-dependant quantum efficiency photodiode nonlinearities

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