Minimization in crossover trials with non-prognostic strata: theory and practical application

Green, H.; McEntegart, Damian; Byrom, Bill; Ghani, Sajda; Shepherd, Scott

doi:10.1046/j.1365-2710.2001.00332.x

Cited by 16 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 16 publications

(14 reference statements)

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“…37,64 Various authors have discussed how permutation tests can be conducted when analyzing trials where such methods have been used. [65][66][67] However, some of the concerns regarding the validity of the statistical tests have definitively been ameliorated by the work of Shao. 68,69 Although minimization has many supporters, [70][71][72] its use is still controversial.…”

Section: Minimizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is Propensity Score Analysis a Valid Surrogate of Randomization for the Avoidance of Allocation Bias?

2017

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Randomized clinical trials are the gold standard when experimental designs are feasible. Randomization allows the handling of allocation bias for known and unknown confounders. Specific tools such as blocking, stratification, and dynamic allocation provide additional guarantees to simple randomization. When an experimental design is not feasible, the propensity score (PS) has been shown to produce greater benefit than traditional methods (i.e., restriction, stratification, matching and adjusting). There appears to be a hierarchy in terms of the effectiveness of balancing for PS techniques: matching or weighting above stratification above covariate adjustment (which is discouraged due to its drawbacks). Instrumental variable analysis and its variants might provide added value because they aim to balance for unknown confounders as well, thus mimicking randomization, but at present, are considered more useful for sensitivity rather than primary analyses.

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Section: Minimizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is Propensity Score Analysis a Valid Surrogate of Randomization for the Avoidance of Allocation Bias?

2017

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“…[13][14][15] Minimization is recommended for treatment group allocation in small studies to ensure that groups are comparable in factors expected to affect outcomes. 16 …”

Section: Treatment Group Allocationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feasibility study of short-term effects of chiropractic manipulation on older adults with impaired balance

Hawk

Pfefer

Strunk

et al. 2007

Journal of Chiropractic Medicine

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“…The minimization method of randomization [2,12] has long been used to achieve marginal balance between treatments. The principle is as follows.…”

Section: Minimizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic balancing randomization in controlled clinical trials

Héritier

Gebski

Pillai

2005

Statistics in Medicine

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In the design of randomized clinical trials, balancing of treatment allocation across important prognostic factors (strata) improves the efficiency of the final comparisons. Whilst randomization methods exist which attempt to balance treatments across the strata (permuted blocks, minimization, biased coin), these approaches assign equal importance for all the strata. Dynamic balancing randomization (DBR) is a tree-based method proposed by Signorini et al. allowing different levels of imbalance in different strata which ensures a balance for each level of prognostic risk factors (conditional balance) whilst at the same time preserving randomness. We present a simple modification to the original approach to maintain a marginal balance over important strata and examine the properties of this modification. Two important measures of performance are used to provide comparisons between the approaches: a loss function, which can be interpreted as the squared norm of the imbalance vector, and a forcing index which conveys the degree of randomness. A comparison of DBR with minimization and a biased coin design is carried out by simulation on two simulated trials.

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Minimization in crossover trials with non-prognostic strata: theory and practical application

Cited by 16 publications

References 16 publications

Is Propensity Score Analysis a Valid Surrogate of Randomization for the Avoidance of Allocation Bias?

Is Propensity Score Analysis a Valid Surrogate of Randomization for the Avoidance of Allocation Bias?

Feasibility study of short-term effects of chiropractic manipulation on older adults with impaired balance

Dynamic balancing randomization in controlled clinical trials

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