Miniaturized optical systems for beam deflection and modulation

<title>System integration of micro-optical systems for beam steering and modulation applications</title>

“…lhe 1 /r2-widtli of the beani 2 iii a distance of the waist wit Ii 1 /e-dianieter 2( is given wit Ii the help of the l-thvleighi-rang . + (1) \Vii fun the I avleigh-range the I /e2_width of the beam iiicreases by a factor of 1 .4 which is a rather smIiafl auiount . The Rayleigh-range for a wavelength \ 670 nm arid = 4 pni is r = 10pm.…”

<title>Micro-optical beam deflectors and modulators: present state of development</title>

“…This can be achieved with lenses in a confocal arrangement (see figure 4) The deflection angle 6 is given by equation (4) The focussing lens influences the resolution of the system, which is given by the maximum displacement Vmax of the lenses and the waist radius w of the spot behind the focussing lens. N=-- (5) wo Therefore a faster focussing lens results in increased resolution, but lenses with high numerical apertures and large isoplanatic regions are required to deflect the beam with low losses and low wavefront aberrations. Especially because of the high isoplanatism, graded index lenses are attractive candidates to meet these requirements.…”