Mini-Review PROTEASE INHIBITOR (PI) AND PIs FROM SPONGE-ASSOCIATED MICROORGANISMS

Abstract

Protease inhibitors (PIs) are proteins or peptides inhibiting the activity of protease and constitute a very important mechanism for regulating protease activity. So far, PIs have been used for the study of enzyme structures and reaction mechanisms, but recently they have been used in pharmaceutical, agricultural and industrial fields. Compared to terrestrial counterparts, marine environment possesses their unique characters, therefore, they are capable of producing a wide range of novel bioactive compounds including protease inhibitors. In our review, a brief overview of protease inhibitors (e.g., classification, mechanisms, and characteristics of PIs) and protease inhibitors from marine sponges and sponge-associated microorganisms has been reviewed.

Formal synthesis of cyclotheonellazole A

“…In recent years, marine sponges of the genus Theonella have been a rich source of structurally unique and biologically active compounds, 1–3 including protease inhibitors. 4 Cyclotheonellazole A ( CA , Fig. 1) is a unique natural macrocyclic peptide first discovered in the sponge Theonella affinis swinhoei by Carmeli et al .…”

Marine Invertebrates: A Promissory Still Unexplored Source of Inhibitors of Biomedically Relevant Metallo Aminopeptidases Belonging to the M1 and M17 Families

“…These features can be attributed to varied environmental conditions, such as access to/lack of light, high pressure, aqueous environment, ionic concentration, pH and temperature changes, scarcity of nutrients, and restricted living spaces. Marine organisms are an abundant source of bioactive molecules (including saccharides, polysaccharides, peptides, proteins, polyketides, polyphenolic compounds, sterol-like products, alkaloids, quinones, and quinolones, among others), such as toxins [ 20 , 21 ], antimicrobial peptides [ 22 , 23 ], antiviral compounds [ 24 ], enzymes and enzyme inhibitors [ 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ], and particularly peptidases [ 29 , 30 ] and peptidase inhibitors of almost all mechanistic classes [ 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 ]. These bioactive molecules have a great diversity of chemical structures, high potency, and diverse specificities, especially the inhibitors of metalloenzymes ( Figure 2 , Figure 3 and Figure 4 ) [ 37 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 ].…”

<p>Hepatitis C Virus NS3 Protease and Helicase Inhibitors from Red Sea Sponge (<em>Amphimedon</em>) Species in Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles Assisted by in Silico Modeling and Metabolic Profiling</p>

“…25 The remaining part is cleaved by viral protease, producing six nonstructural proteins, among which is NS3 protease. 26 The viral replication complex is formed due to these nonstructural proteins and their host factors. 24 Helicase exhibits an important role during RNA replication by unwinding the double RNA strand.…”