Mineralogical and microstructural characteristics of historic Roman cement renders from Budapest, Hungary

Pintér, Farkas; Vidovszky, István; Weber, Johannes; Bayer, Karol

doi:10.1016/j.culher.2013.04.007

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Therefore, a reliable restoration and conservation of mortars requires a knowledge of their composition [10] (e.g., a complete mineralogical characterization and a petrographic study of mortars). For this reason, studies on this have been carried out extensively focusing on some historical monuments of several cities in Spain [10][11][12][13][14][15][16] and around the world [9,[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mineralogical Analysis of Mortars in the Walls of Ávila (Spain) and Its Surroundings

García

Giménez

2019

Minerals

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The present article evaluated the mineralogical composition of 85 mortar samples from some emblematic monuments of Ávila city (Spain), which were collected during the restoration of the monuments. The aim of this article is to try to extract the relationship between the composition and the origin of the raw materials, as well as to identify possible alterations in the samples. The study of the samples was carried out using visual and petrographic techniques such as stereoscopic microscope, XRD, and SEM/EDX analysis. The main components of the mortars were calcite, feldspar and quartz, although small amounts of phyllosilicates were also identified. The minerals of the mortars came from the surroundings of the city, and some of the samples presented evident alteration of the original materials due to humidity, salt concentration, and biological weathering, possibly inducted by unfortunate effects of the restoration. Finally, a study of the salts present in some mortars showed that most samples display contamination of soluble salts such as halite, thenardite, hexaedrite, and carnalite. This investigation offers fresh insight into historic building activity and related techniques, and should provide knowledge useful for restoration and conservation processes.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mineralogical Analysis of Mortars in the Walls of Ávila (Spain) and Its Surroundings

García

Giménez

2019

Minerals

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“…Unreacted and unhydrated com po nents of Roman ce ments (in good qual ity ce ments pres ent only in very small quan ti ties) -cal cium sil i cates: b-belite (b-C 2 S; as less re ac tive then a'-belite), gehlenite (C 2 AS) and wollastonite (CS) can be labelled as Ro man ce ment fin ger print phases (Adamski et al, 2009;Koz³owski et al, 2010). These phases can sur vive in unreacted grains of Ro man ce ments or en cap su lated in mor tars be cause of their low hydration rates, like rel ics of alite, which are char ac ter is tic of OPC and ab sent in RC (Pintér et al, 2014;Pintér and Gosselin, 2018). Al though XRPD anal y ses did not reveal their pres ence in the sam ples ana lysed, the oc cur rence of these phases could be also sup ported through scan ning elec tron mi cros copy (SEM-EDS), by which they can be vis i ble in the binder-re lated grains.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mineralogical and geochemical studies of secondary mineral assemblages related to deterioration of building materials

Marszałek

Dudek

Gaweł

et al. 2019

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and Tech nol ogy, Fac ulty of Ge ol ogy, Geo phys ics and En vi ron men tal Pro tec tion, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Po landMarsza³ek, M., Dudek, K., Gawe³, A., Czerny, J., 2019. Min er al og i cal and geo chem i cal stud ies of sec ond ary min eral as semblages re lated to de te ri o ra tion of build ing ma te ri als. Geo log i cal Quar terly, 63 (4): 683-698, doi: 10.7306/gq.1494The study was aimed at min er al og i cal and geo chem i cal char ac ter is tics of sec ond ary phases re lated to de te ri o ra tion of historic build ing ma te ri als. The in ves ti ga tions, car ried out in the Holy Trin ity Ba sil ica in Kraków, Po land, fo cused on the south ern facade of the 17th-cen tury Myszkowskis Cha pel, built of the Mio cene Piñczów lime stone. Lower part of the facade is cov ered with a ce ment ren der, and the ex posed foun da tions are made of Ju ras sic lime stone and Cre ta ceous sand stone, both of lo cal or i gin from the Kraków re gion and neigh bour ing Carpathians, in the form of ir reg u lar blocks bound with a ce ment mor tar. The wall sur face ex hib its clear signs of dam age; from dark grey soil ing and scal ing to efflorescences. Sam pled ma te ri als, de te ri orated, al tered crusts and efflorescences were an a lysed with op ti cal and scan ning elec tron mi cros copy, X-ray dif frac tion, and Raman microspectroscopy meth ods. The sec ond ary min er als dis tin guished in clude abun dant gyp sum CaSO 4 ·2H 2 O, less com mon thenardite Na 2 SO 4 (and/or mirabilite Na 2 SO 4ÿ 10H 2 O), aphthitalite (K, Na) 3 Na(SO 4 ) 2 , darapskite Na 3 (SO 4 )(NO 3 )·H 2 O, ettringite Ca 6 Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 (OH) 12 ·26H 2 O, monosulphite Ca 4 Al 2 O 6 SO 3 ·11H 2 O, as well as scarce ni tre KNO 3 , nitratine NaNO 3 and ha lite NaCl. Gyp sum usu ally forms sur face crusts and fills the pores in side some ma te ri als. The efflorescences, sam pled from the ex posed foun da tions, con sisted of thenardite and/or mirabilite, aphthitalite and darapskite, whereas ettringite and monosulphite were con nected with ce ment ren ders. Traces of ni tre, nitratine and ha lite were de tected at var i ous el e ments of the cha pel facade and foun da tions. The or i gin of the salts is re lated to com po si tion and physicochemical prop er ties of the build ing ma te ri als, as well as to anthropogenic fac tors.

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“…Belite with two sets of intersecting lamellae (type I, α' C2S, [32]) and C2S not showing any clear lamellae (type III, [33]) were observed only in a few crystals, as shown in Figure 4d. The dominance of β C2S probably results from the fact that α′-belite is more reactive than the β-belite [5,29]. Several crystals of belite also demonstrate finger-like patterns within the flux phases, as shown in Figure 4a.…”

Section: Bright Cement Render At Limestone Blocks Above the Pavement Levelmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…They represent residual cement grains-clinker, that have been identified as alite (C 3 S: tricalcium aluminate, 3CaO•Al 2 O 3 ) and belite (C 2 S: dicalcium silicate, 2CaO•SiO 2 ), with the latter predominating, as shown in Table 1 and Figure 4. Although after hydration both alite and belite form hydrated calcium silicates (CSH phases), being the main components of the cements (next to portlandite), these phases can survive in unreacted grains of cements or encapsulated in mortars because of their low hydration rates [5,29].…”

Section: Bright Cement Render At Limestone Blocks Above the Pavement Levelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cement Render and Mortar and Their Damages Due to Salt Crystallization in the Holy Trinity Church, Dominicans Monastery in Cracow, Poland

2020

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The investigations focused on the façade of the 17th-century Myszkowskis chapel at the 13th-century Church of the Holy Trinity in Cracow, Poland. Most of the chapel’s façade is made of rusticated limestone blocks, but its lower part is covered with cement render, and the basement consists of irregular pieces of limestone and sandstone, bound and partly replaced with cement mortar. The façade exhibited clearly visible damages: gray soiling of the surface, cracks, scaling, and efflorescence. The study presents characteristics of the cement render and mortar used for stone repair and/or substitution, as well as efflorescence from the lower part of the Myszkowskis chapel façade. The materials were analyzed with optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS), Raman microspectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry (XRPD), and mercury intrusion porosimetry. The analyses demonstrated that the render covering some of the decayed limestone blocks was prepared using Portland cement (residual clinker grains represent alite and belite) as a binding agent, mixed with crushed stone as an aggregate. The cement mortar consisted of rounded quartz grains, rock fragments, and feldspars in very fine-grained masses of calcite and gypsum, also containing relics of cement clinker (alite, belite, ferrite, and aluminate). All these components point out the use of the ordinary Portland cement. Analyses of the efflorescence allowed us to distinguish several secondary salts, among others, thenardite, aphthitalite, and darapskite. The appearance of these phases is related to the composition and physicochemical properties of the building materials, atmospheric alteration agents, air pollution, and some other anthropogenic factors.

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Mineralogical and microstructural characteristics of historic Roman cement renders from Budapest, Hungary

Cited by 12 publications

References 11 publications

Mineralogical Analysis of Mortars in the Walls of Ávila (Spain) and Its Surroundings

Mineralogical Analysis of Mortars in the Walls of Ávila (Spain) and Its Surroundings

Mineralogical and geochemical studies of secondary mineral assemblages related to deterioration of building materials

Cement Render and Mortar and Their Damages Due to Salt Crystallization in the Holy Trinity Church, Dominicans Monastery in Cracow, Poland

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