Mineralization of Phosphorylated Fish Skin Collagen/Mangosteen Scaffolds as Potential Materials for Bone Tissue Regeneration

Abstract

In this study, a potential hard tissue substitute was mimicked using collagen/mangosteen porous scaffolds. Collagen was extracted from Tilapia fish skin and mangosteen from the waste peel of the respective fruit. Sodium trimetaphosphate was used for the phosphorylation of these scaffolds to improve the nucleation sites for the mineralization process. Phosphate groups were incorporated in the collagen structure as confirmed by their attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) bands. The phosphorylation and mangosteen addition increased the thermal stability of the collagen triple helix structure, as demonstrated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TGA) characterizations. Mineralization was successfully achieved, and the presence of calcium phosphate was visualized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Nevertheless, the porous structure was maintained, which is an essential characteristic for the desired application. The deposited mineral was amorphous calcium phosphate, as confirmed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) results.

Effects of Mangosteen Peel Phenolic Compounds on Tilapia Skin Collagen-Based Mineralized Scaffold Properties

“…This lower amount is related to the high cross-linking network formed in the samples, which leads to a few binding sites to calcium phosphate. Compared to the collagen-phosphorylated samples previously prepared, 16 the amount of mineral deposited is lower. Indeed, the presence of phosphate groups in the collagen structure serves as new nucleation sites for apatite formation inside the collagen fibers, and consequently, that approach increases the calcium phosphate precipitation.…”

“…Additionally, the α1/ α2 ratio measured with optical densitometry confirmed that the extracted collagen is mainly Type I. 16 2.2. Mangosteen Extraction and Characterization.…”

“…The collagen was obtained as described earlier. 16 In summary, the fish skins were cleaned, scraped, and washed in 0.9 wt % saline solution and deionized water. After that, the fat content was removed with 1:1 acetone:ethanol solution and the samples were thoroughly washed with deionized water.…”

“… 14 , 15 We recently found that collagen phosphorylation of Tilapia fish skin increased the thermal stability of the protein triple helix structure and outlined the low denaturation temperature obstacle. 16 Nevertheless, even though an increase of about 7 °C in the denaturation temperature was observed, the stability achieved in the collagen fibers was insufficient to perform the mineralization process under body conditions.…”

Suitability of Chitosan Scaffolds with Carbon Nanotubes for Bone Defects Treated with Photobiomodulation

“…The nucleation and precipitation of calcium phosphate in scaffolds occur due to the ionic activity of calcium phosphate in solution and its stimulation to create favorable local conditions to allow the nucleation and growth of calcium phosphate. Indeed, calcium and phosphate ions diffuse into scaffolds and form nuclei of critical size for nucleation and further growth of calcium phosphate crystals [ 31 ]. Additionally, nucleated apatite crystals on three-dimensional scaffolds create a favorable environment for osteoconductivity.…”