Mineral supply for sustainable development requires resource governance

Ali, Saleem H.; Giurco, Damien; Arndt, Nicholas; Nickless, Edmund; Brown, Graham; Demetriades, Alecos; Durrheim, Raymond; Enríquez, Maria Amélia Rodrigues da Silva; Kinnaird, Judith A.; Littleboy, Anna; Meinert, Lawrence D.; Oberhänsli, Roland; Salem, Janet; Schodde, Richard; Schneider, Gabi; Vidal, Olivier; Yakovleva, Natalia

doi:10.1038/nature21359

Cited by 494 publications

(304 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Given that meeting sustainable development goals will require an adequate supply of resources from both primary and secondary sources [40], the country-by-country projections as shown in this paper provide a valuable-publicly available dataset-to understand primary supply from known resources at this point in time. Whilst more resources will be discovered, social economic and environmental constraints may also constrain the development of known resources, a point that is somewhat backgrounded by Meinert et al [38].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Projection of Lead-Zinc Supply from Known Resources

et al. 2018

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Lead and zinc are used extensively in the construction and automotive industries, and require sustainable supply. In order to understand the future availability of lead and zinc, we have projected global supplies on a country-by-country basis from a detailed global assessment of mineral resources for 2013. The model GeRS-DeMo was used to create projections of lead and zinc production from ores, as well as recycling for lead. Our modelling suggests that lead and zinc production from known resources is set to peak within 15 years (lead 2025, zinc 2031). For lead, the total supply declines relatively slowly post peak due to recycling. If additional resources are found, these peaks would shift further into the future. These results suggest that lead and zinc consumers will need to plan for the future, potentially by: seeking alternative supplies (e.g., mine tailings, smelter/refinery slags); obtaining additional value from critical metals contained in lead-zinc ore deposits to counter lower grade ores; identifying potential substitutes; redesigning their products; or by contributing to the development of recycling industries.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Projection of Lead-Zinc Supply from Known Resources

et al. 2018

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“…More metals will be needed (Arrobas et al, 2017;Ali et al, 2017). Whether they are obtained from land or from the deep sea is a question that the economics of either operation can only partially answer.…”

Section: Figure 65mentioning

confidence: 99%

Deep seabed mining: a rising environmental challenge

Cuyvers¹,

Berry²,

Kristina³

et al. 2018

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“…End-of-life vehicles could indeed become viable "urban mines", and so the upcoming waves of secondary materials available from AEVs call for heightened focus to develop the technologies, policies, and infrastructure that would enable using these materials to their full potential, especially as global primary supply options are slow to respond to increases in demands [75]. From a technological perspective, further knowledge and know-how to extract and recycle critical materials from end-of-life vehicles is required.…”

Section: Outlook For Rees In Aevsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implications of Emerging Vehicle Technologies on Rare Earth Supply and Demand in the United States

et al. 2018

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Abstract:We explore the long-term demand and supply potentials of rare earth elements in alternative energy vehicles (AEVs) in the United States until 2050. Using a stock-flow model, we compare a baseline scenario with scenarios that incorporate an exemplary technological innovation: a novel aluminum-cerium-magnesium alloy. We find that the introduction of the novel alloy demonstrates that even low penetration rates can exceed domestic cerium production capacity, illustrating possible consequences of technological innovations to material supply and demand. End-of-life vehicles can, however, overtake domestic mining as a source of materials, calling for proper technologies and policies to utilize this emerging source. The long-term importing of critical materials in manufactured and semi-manufactured products shifts the location of material stocks and hence future secondary supply of high-value materials, culminating in a double benefit to the importing country. This modeling approach is adaptable to the study of varied scenarios and materials, linking technologies with supply and demand dynamics in order to understand their potential economic and environmental consequences.

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Mineral supply for sustainable development requires resource governance

Cited by 494 publications

References 24 publications

Global Projection of Lead-Zinc Supply from Known Resources

Global Projection of Lead-Zinc Supply from Known Resources

Deep seabed mining: a rising environmental challenge

Implications of Emerging Vehicle Technologies on Rare Earth Supply and Demand in the United States

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