Mineral Raw Materials—Meeting the Challenges of Global Development Trends

Paulick, Holger; Nurmi, Pekka A.

doi:10.1007/s00501-018-0779-8

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 6 publications

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“…Concerns about introducing electric vehicles in a mass market are mostly related to an elevated demand of resources, e.g., the use of lithium in lithium ion batteries [9][10][11][12][13][14]. The growing material consumption by the industry and the need for higher resource efficiency are issues which have been heavily discussed in the last years [15,16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Life Cycle Assessment Studies of Electric Vehicles with a Focus on Resource Use

et al. 2020

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Changes in the mobility patterns have evoked concerns about the future availability of certain raw materials necessary to produce alternative drivetrains and related batteries. The goal of this article is to determine if resource use aspects are adequately reflected within life cycle assessment (LCA) case studies of electric vehicles (EV). Overall, 103 LCA studies on electric vehicles from 2009 to 2018 are evaluated regarding their objective, scope, considered impact categories, and assessment methods—with a focus on resource depletion and criticality. The performed analysis shows that only 24 out of 76 EV LCA and 10 out of 27 battery LCA address the issue of resources. The majority of the studies apply one of these methods: CML-IA, ReCiPe, or Eco-Indicator 99. In most studies, EV show higher results for mineral and metal resource depletion than internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEV). The batteries analysis shows that lithium, manganese, copper, and nickel are responsible for the highest burdens. Only few publications approach resource criticality. Although this topic is a serious concern for future mobility, it is currently not comprehensively and consistently considered within LCA studies of electric vehicles. Criticality should be included in the analyses in order to derive results on the potential risks associated with certain resources.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Life Cycle Assessment Studies of Electric Vehicles with a Focus on Resource Use

et al. 2020

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Synthesized indicator for evaluating security of strategic minerals in China: A case study of lithium

Zhou

et al. 2020

Resources Policy

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Three-dimensional reflection seismic imaging of the iron oxide deposits in the Ludvika mining area, Sweden, using Fresnel volume migration

et al. 2022

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Abstract. We present pre-stack depth-imaging results for a case study of 3D reflection seismic exploration at the Blötberget iron oxide mining site belonging to the Bergslagen mineral district in central Sweden. The goal of the study is to directly image the ore-bearing horizons and to delineate their possible depth extension below depths known from existing boreholes. For this purpose, we applied a tailored pre-processing workflow and two different seismic imaging approaches, Kirchhoff pre-stack depth migration (KPSDM) and Fresnel volume migration (FVM). Both imaging techniques deliver a well-resolved 3D image of the deposit and its host rock, where the FVM image yields a significantly better image quality compared to the KPSDM image. We were able to unravel distinct horizons, which are linked to known mineralization and provide insights on their possible lateral and depth extent. Comparison of the known mineralization with the final FVM reflection volume suggests a good agreement of the position and the shape of the imaged reflectors caused by the mineralization. Furthermore, the images show additional reflectors below the mineralization and reflectors with opposite dips. One of these reflectors is interpreted to be a fault intersecting the mineralization, which can be traced to the surface and linked to a fault trace in the geological map. The depth-imaging results can serve as the basis for further investigations, drilling, and follow-up mine planning at the Blötberget mining site..

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Mineral Raw Materials—Meeting the Challenges of Global Development Trends

Cited by 3 publications

References 6 publications

A Review of Life Cycle Assessment Studies of Electric Vehicles with a Focus on Resource Use

A Review of Life Cycle Assessment Studies of Electric Vehicles with a Focus on Resource Use

Synthesized indicator for evaluating security of strategic minerals in China: A case study of lithium

Three-dimensional reflection seismic imaging of the iron oxide deposits in the Ludvika mining area, Sweden, using Fresnel volume migration

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