Mineral Nutritional Status of Yaks (Bos Grunniens) Grazing on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Fan, Qingshan; Wanapat, Metha; Hou, Fujiang

doi:10.3390/ani9070468

Cited by 18 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…In addition, the serum concentrations of P in the CONT (1.35 mmol/L) and CaCl group (1.49 mmol/L) were below the recommended level of 1.5 mmol/L [ 28 ]. The serum Ca concentrations of all yaks were in the recommended range (2.25–2.75 mmol/L) [ 26 ], which is consistent with the result of Fan et al (2019) [ 29 ]. These results indicated that the problem of P deficiency in grazing yaks may not only occur in the cold season [ 29 ], but also at the beginning of the warm season.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…The serum Ca concentrations of all yaks were in the recommended range (2.25–2.75 mmol/L) [ 26 ], which is consistent with the result of Fan et al (2019) [ 29 ]. These results indicated that the problem of P deficiency in grazing yaks may not only occur in the cold season [ 29 ], but also at the beginning of the warm season. Supplementation with MCP had a mitigative effect, whereas CaCl did not.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

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Effects of Premating Calcium and Phosphorus Supplementation on Reproduction Efficiency of Grazing Yak Heifers

Zhou

Zhang

Xue

et al. 2021

Animals

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Reproductive efficiency is the main factor limiting yak production on the Tibet Plateau. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of supplementation with calcium chloride (CaCl) and monocalcium phosphate (MCP) for 30 days before breeding on body weight (BW) change, serum bone metabolism biomarkers, conception rate, and calving rate of grazing yaks. Ninety 3 year old yak heifers (153.05 ± 6.56 kg BW) were assigned to three treatments (n = 30 per treatment): grazing without supplementation (CONT), grazing plus calcium chloride supplementation (CaCl), and grazing plus monocalcium phosphate supplementation (MCP). Compared with the CONT group, supplementation with CaCl increased the serum concentrations of osteocalcin and decreased the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels (p < 0.05); supplementation with MCP increased the average daily gain (ADG), serum concentrations of phosphorus (P) and osteocalcin, conception rate, and calving rate (p < 0.05), whereas it decreased the serum concentrations of hydroxyproline, ALP, and calcitonin (p < 0.05). Both CaCl and MCP supplementation had no effect on serum calcium (Ca) concentration. The ADG, conception rate, and calving rate were higher in the MCP group than in the CaCl group (p < 0.05), while the serum concentrations of hydroxyproline and calcitonin were lower (p < 0.05). It could be concluded that premating supplementation with MCP increased the body weight gain and subsequent conception and calving rate of grazing yaks. Supplementation with MCP had a positive effect on body condition and bone metabolism, thus providing a better estrous condition for grazing yak heifers, which could contribute to enhancing reproduction efficiency.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Effects of Premating Calcium and Phosphorus Supplementation on Reproduction Efficiency of Grazing Yak Heifers

Zhou

Zhang

Xue

et al. 2021

Animals

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“…Under traditional management practices, yaks commonly graze in a full-grazing system with herbage as the only feed [4]. Yaks play an essential function in the alpine ecosystem in various ways, including enhancing plant diversity through creation of microhabitats, providing a livelihood for local herdsmen, enhancing soil structure, and promoting the material circulation and energy flow in the ecosystem [10]. These unique characteristics result in an attractive system explore the adaptation process of yaks to altitudinal gradients.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Altitude influences microbial diversity and herbage fermentation in the rumen of yaks

et al. 2020

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Background Rumen microbiota in ruminants are vital for sustaining good rumen ecology, health, and productivity. Currently, limited information is available regarding the response of yaks (Bos grunniens) to fluctuating environments, especially the rumen microbiome. To address this, we investigated the diet, rumen bacterial community, and volatile fatty acids (VFA) of rumen fluid of yaks raised in the great Qinghai-Tibet plateau (QTP) at 2800 (low altitude, L), 3700 (middle altitude, M), and 4700 m (high altitude, H) above sea level. Results The results showed that despite a partial diet overlap, H yaks harbored higher fibrous fractious contents than the M and L grazing yaks. Bacteria including Christensenellaceae_R-7_group, Ruminococcus_1, Romboutsia, Alloprevotella, Eubacterium coprostanoligenes, Clostridium, Streptococcus, and Treponema were found to be enriched in the rumen of yaks grazing at H. They also showed higher rumen microbial diversity and total VFA concentrations than those shown by yaks at M and L. Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) on weighted UniFrac distances revealed that the bacterial community structure of rumen differed between the three altitudes. Moreover, Tax4fun metagenome estimation revealed that microbial genes associated with energy requirement and carbohydrate metabolic fate were overexpressed in the rumen microbiota of H yaks. Conclusions Collectively, our results revealed that H yaks had a stronger herbage fermenting ability via rumen microbial fermentation. Their enhanced ability of utilizing herbage may be partly owing to a microbiota adaptation for more energy requirements in the harsh H environment, such as lower temperature and the risk of hypoxia.

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“…Yak milk is more nutritive to dairy cow milk in nutrient composition, especially protein and fat [ 4 ], and contains higher fat content of 5.5 to 7.5% as compared to 3.50% in bovine milk and higher protein content of about 4.9–5.9% compared to 3.14% in bovine milk [ 5 ]. Seasonal variation of feeds especially during the cold season greatly influence traditional yak farming [ 6 ]. Supplements are not a common practice even under the low protein content of pastures [ 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Composition of Milk and Rumen Microbiome Diversity of Yak, Impacting by Herbage Grown at Different Phenological Periods on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Fan

Wanapat

Hou

2020

Animals

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To estimate how native herbage of three different phenological periods modify rumen performance and milk quality of yak grazing alpine meadow. In this study, milk composition and the diversity of the rumen microbial community were measured in 12 full-grazing female yaks on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). The nutrient composition of three phenological periods was determined: Vegetative stage (VS), bloom stage (BS), and senescent stage (SS). High-throughput sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene was used. The results showed that crude protein (CP) content of herbage in BS was higher than that in vs. and SS (p < 0.05), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content of herbage in SS was higher than that in vs. and BS (p < 0.05). Milk solids and fat contents were higher in the vs. and SS than in BS (p < 0.05). However, milk protein content was higher for the vs. and BS than those for SS (p < 0.05). The total volatile fatty acid (VFA), acetate, and propionate concentrations were higher in vs. and BS than in SS (p < 0.05). The community richness estimates (Chao1 estimator) of vs. were higher than that in BS and the SS (p < 0.05). The diversity indices (Shannon index) of the BS were higher than that vs. and the SS (p < 0.05). Spearman correlation analysis between the milk composition, ruminal fermentation parameters, and the relative abundances of the rumen bacteria showed that milk protein content, total VFA, acetate, and propionate concentrations were positively correlated with the relative abundances of the genera Desulfovibrio, Prevotella_1, and Butyrivibrio_2 and was negatively correlated with Olsenella, Ruminococcaceae_UCG.010, and Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group abundances. Collectively, the results revealed that there were significant differences in nutrient composition of herbage, chemical composition of yak milk, and microbial diversity in rumen at different phenological stages. The correlations between ruminal fermentation parameters, chemical constituents of yak milk, and some genera of ruminal bacteria might be indicative that the ruminal fermentation parameters and chemical constituents of yak milk are strongly influenced by the rumen bacterial community composition.

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Mineral Nutritional Status of Yaks (Bos Grunniens) Grazing on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Cited by 18 publications

References 31 publications

Effects of Premating Calcium and Phosphorus Supplementation on Reproduction Efficiency of Grazing Yak Heifers

Effects of Premating Calcium and Phosphorus Supplementation on Reproduction Efficiency of Grazing Yak Heifers

Altitude influences microbial diversity and herbage fermentation in the rumen of yaks

Chemical Composition of Milk and Rumen Microbiome Diversity of Yak, Impacting by Herbage Grown at Different Phenological Periods on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

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