Mindfulness and craving: effects and mechanisms

Tapper, Katy

doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.11.003

Cited by 80 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 80 publications

(133 reference statements)

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“…This enables individuals to discover how cravings are driving them to act, and in doing so, learn to tap into the very same reward-based learning system to gain mastery over them. Herein, mindfulness may lead to reductions in cravings over time through extinction, rather than suppression ( Tapper, 2018 ).…”

Section: Addressing Craving From the Inside Out: The Role Of Mindfulnmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can Mindfulness Address Maladaptive Eating Behaviors? Why Traditional Diet Plans Fail and How New Mechanistic Insights May Lead to Novel Interventions

et al. 2018

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Emotional and other maladaptive eating behaviors develop in response to a diversity of triggers, from psychological stress to the endless external cues in our modern food environment. While the standard approach to food- and weight-related concerns has been weight-loss through dietary restriction, these interventions have produced little long-term benefit, and may be counterproductive. A growing understanding of the behavioral and neurobiological mechanisms that underpin habit formation may explain why this approach has largely failed, and pave the way for a new generation of non-pharmacologic interventions. Here, we first review how modern food environments interact with human biology to promote reward-related eating through associative learning, i.e., operant conditioning. We also review how operant conditioning (positive and negative reinforcement) cultivates habit-based reward-related eating, and how current diet paradigms may not directly target such eating. Further, we describe how mindfulness training that targets reward-based learning may constitute an appropriate intervention to rewire the learning process around eating. We conclude with examples that illustrate how teaching patients to tap into and act on intrinsic (e.g., enjoying healthy eating, not overeating, and self-compassion) rather than extrinsic reward mechanisms (e.g., weighing oneself), is a promising new direction in improving individuals’ relationship with food.

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Section: Addressing Craving From the Inside Out: The Role Of Mindfulnmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can Mindfulness Address Maladaptive Eating Behaviors? Why Traditional Diet Plans Fail and How New Mechanistic Insights May Lead to Novel Interventions

et al. 2018

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“…(Strength of craving following the 10 minutes was lower in the guided 88 imagery group compared to the mind wandering group but the difference failed 89 to reach statistical significance.) (See also Kemps Another strategy that has been used to target cravings is decentering 102 (Tapper, 2018). Decentering is a mindfulness-based strategy in which the 103 individual is encouraged to see their thoughts and feelings as transient events 104…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chocolate craving 5 There is some evidence to suggest that decentering may help reduce 119 craving (Tapper, 2018). For example, Papies et al (2015) asked individuals to 120 view a series of pictures (including some of high calorie foods) and to observe 121 their reactions to these as passing mental events.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of a mindfulness-based decentering strategy on chocolate craving

Tapper

Turner

2018

Appetite

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According to the elaborated-intrusion theory of desire, strategies that load visual working memory will reduce cravings. According to the grounded cognition theory of desire, cravings will be reduced with mindfulness-based decentering strategies that encourage individuals to see their thoughts as thoughts. However, decentering strategies also tend to load visual working memory making it difficult to test the latter prediction. This study addressed this issue by matching visualization across decentering and guided imagery tasks. Male and female participants (n = 101) underwent a chocolate craving induction before listening to a 4-min audio recording that guided them to (a) decenter from their thoughts and feelings, (b) engage in visualization, or (c) let their mind wander. Participants reported on chocolate craving before and after the craving induction and following the 4-min recording. They also provided retrospective reports of craving during the recording, reported on the extent to which they had adhered to the audio instructions and briefly indicated what they had been thinking about during the recording. Results showed a significant reduction in cravings to baseline following the recording across all three conditions (p < .001), but no significant differences between conditions or in the retrospective reports of craving. There was some evidence to suggest that participants in the mind wandering condition had been thinking about alternate goals, which may have inhibited thoughts about chocolate and been just as effective at reducing craving as the imagery and decentering strategies. Exploratory analyses showed a trend toward decentering being more effective than imagery where participants reported higher task adherence throughout the 4 min (p = .067). This raises the possibility that decentering effects may be improved with better strategy adherence, which might be achieved through practice or increased motivation.

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“…Moreover, resisting craving and being less sensitive to craving triggers could involve protective psychological factors, such as high self-control (reflecting less impulsive behaviors) or high trait mindfulness. Several previous studies have shown negative associations between trait mindfulness and craving for psychoactive drugs (Garland, Roberts-Lewis, Kelley, Tronnier, & Hanley, 2014;Szeto, Schoenmakers, van de Mheen, Snelleman, & Waters, 2019;Tapper, 2018). As mindfulness is typically defined as a nonreactive, nonjudgmental form of metacognitive attention to the present moment, it is likely that the attention given to the present moment and the observation of one's own cognitions has an impact on the automated relationship between the trigger and the onset of craving.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Psychometric properties of the transaddiction craving triggers questionnaire in alcohol use disorder

Hammerstein

Cornil

Rothen

et al. 2019

Int J Methods Psych Res

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Objectives We aimed to develop the transaddiction craving triggers questionnaire (TCTQ), which assesses the propensity of specific situations and contexts to trigger craving and to test its psychometric properties in alcohol use disorder (AUD). Methods This study included a sample of 111 AUD outpatients. We performed exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and calculated item–dimension correlations. Internal consistency was measured with Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Construct validity was assessed through Spearman correlations with craving, emotional symptoms, impulsivity, mindfulness, and drinking characteristics. Results The EFA suggested a 3‐factor solution: unpleasant affect, pleasant affect, and cues and related thoughts. Cronbach's coefficient alpha ranged from .80 to .95 for the three factors and the total score. Weak positive correlations were identified between the TCTQ and drinking outcomes, and moderate correlation were found between the TCTQ and craving strength, impulsivity, anxiety, depression, and impact of alcohol on quality of life. Conclusions The 3‐factor structure is congruent with the well‐established propensity of emotions and cues to trigger craving. Construct validity is supported by close relations between the TCTQ and psychological well‐being rather than between the TCTQ and drinking behaviors. Longitudinal validation is warranted to assess sensitivity to change of the TCTQ and to explore its psychometric properties in other addictive disorders.

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Mindfulness and craving: effects and mechanisms

Cited by 80 publications

References 80 publications

Can Mindfulness Address Maladaptive Eating Behaviors? Why Traditional Diet Plans Fail and How New Mechanistic Insights May Lead to Novel Interventions

Can Mindfulness Address Maladaptive Eating Behaviors? Why Traditional Diet Plans Fail and How New Mechanistic Insights May Lead to Novel Interventions

The effect of a mindfulness-based decentering strategy on chocolate craving

Psychometric properties of the transaddiction craving triggers questionnaire in alcohol use disorder

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