Mimicry in Plants

Wiens, Delbert

doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-6956-5_6

Cited by 166 publications

(170 citation statements)

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“…These effects, in turn, may impose strong selective pressures that potentially generate reciprocal evolutionary interactions. A better understanding of how mimicry affects the partners in a system may therefore reveal important information about evolutionary interactions (Wiens 1978;Gilbert 1983;Stowe 1988). In this regard, although most of what is known about mimicry has resulted from work done on animal systems, mimicry in plants also has much to contribute (Roy & Widmer 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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How an orchid harms its pollinator

Wong

Schiestl

2002

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

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Certain orchids produce owers that mimic the sex pheromones and appearance of female insects in order to attract males by sexual deception for the purpose of pollination. In a series of eld experiments, we found that the sexually deceptive orchid, Chiloglottis trapeziformis, can have a negative impact on its wasp pollinator Neozeleboria cryptoides. Male and female wasps, however, were affected differently by the orchid's deceit because of their different roles in the mimicry system. Male wasps could not discriminate between the chemical cues of orchids and female wasps, a vital signal in long-range attraction. Males, however, learn to avoid areas containing orchids. This strategy has implications for females attempting to attract mates in areas occupied by orchids. Compared with circumstances when females were on their own, females in the presence of orchids elicited fewer male approaches and no copulation attempts. Females in a large orchid patch also elicited fewer male approaches than females in a small patch. The nature of the orchid's impact on its wasp pollinator indicates an arms race evolutionary scenario in this interaction between plant and pollinator.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In these systems, the female of the pollinator species usually acts as the model, with the orchids' intended target, the male, acting as the operator (Wiens 1978). The orchids' sexual masquerade often is achieved through a combination of chemical, visual and tactile cues (Dafni 1984).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How an orchid harms its pollinator

Wong

Schiestl

2002

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

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“…He hypothesised that the marks repelled the beetles. In his review of plant mimicry worldwide, Wiens (1978) The behaviour of the hopliinid Heterochelus sexlinea tus was observed on a large ( > 5 0 0 individuals) popula tion of Arctotheca calendula growing wild in an arboretum at Saasveld, near George in the southern Cape.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Asteraceae

Midgley¹

1993

Bothalia

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Assuming this, I studied the interaction of Arctotheca calendula L. (Cape weed), a weedy daisy without dark markings on the ray florets, and the beetle Heterochelus sexlineatus Thunb., a herbivorous species with strong cutting mandibles. This plant species is visited by many hopliinid species (Scott & Way 1990) and I observed Heterochelus sexlineatus visiting at least seven other plant species at the study site, suggesting that there is only a diffuse relationship between the two study taxa.In Gorteria diffusa, the so-called beetle-daisy, the 'beetle' mark is a dark raised bump on the ray floret with a white spot in the middle and with yellow 'legs'. Under ultraviolet light this 'beetle' does not appear significantly different (pers. obs.). The number of 'beetles' per inflores cence is very variable (from none to a full ring with marks on all ray florets) within and between individuals (pers. obs.). The 'beetles' on inflorescences with a full ring appear to be the least derived condition because they are poorly differentiated and are similar in appearance to many other Asteraceae with a ring of conspicuous dark basal markings on ray florets (e.g. Gazania lichtensteinii). Even Arctotis species (e.g. A. gumbletonii Hook, f.), which Hutchinson (1946) suggested suffer more predation, have complex dark basal markings on the ray florets.It is thus possible that any dark marks near the base of the ray floret or darkening of the disc found in other genera such as Osteospermum, Dimorphotheca and Ursinia may be mimicking beetles. In the Still Bay area, J. Vlok and I noted an Ursinia species (close to U. paleacea (L.) Moench) which also appears to be a beetle-daisy. In this

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“…7 The common classic explanations for light coloration of such plants were that it protects them from sun irradiation (including UV), 8 and that the glued sand defends them from abrasion by sand particles moving in strong wind, and by camouflage from herbivores. 9 Lev-Yadun 7 concluded that light-colored plant surfaces have several additional functions: (1) they can undermine the camouflage of herbivorous insects of other colors and expose them to predation, (2) since dust is a strong insect repellent and is lethal to insects, attached soil particles (especially clays) may defend plants with sticky glandular trichomes from insect herbivory, (3) the attached sand may defend from herbivory by mammals and arthropods by causing teeth or mouth part wear as do phytoliths (silica bodies) of grasses, and (4) white coloration of leaves and branches may mimic fungal infestation to reduce herbivory. Lev-Yadun 7 also proposed that since many desert animals tend to be paler than other members of the same taxa that inhabit wetter environments, according to Gloger's rule, 4 the abovementioned light-colored plant species are a good indication that Gloger's rule applies to plants.…”

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confidence: 99%

Gloger’s Rule in Plants: The Species and Ecosystem Levels

Lev‐Yadun¹

2016

Defensive (Anti-Herbivory) Coloration in Land Plants

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Mimicry in Plants

Cited by 166 publications

References 54 publications

How an orchid harms its pollinator

How an orchid harms its pollinator

Asteraceae

Gloger’s Rule in Plants: The Species and Ecosystem Levels

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