Millimeter-wave distance-dependent large-scale propagation measurements and path loss models for outdoor and indoor 5G systems

Abstract

This paper presents millimeter-wave propagation measurements for urban micro-cellular and indoor office scenarios at 28 GHz and 73 GHz, and investigates the corresponding path loss using five types of path loss models, the singlefrequency floating-intercept (FI) model, single-frequency close-in (CI) free space reference distance model, multi-frequency alphabeta-gamma (ABG) model, multi-frequency CI model, and multifrequency CI model with a frequency-weighted path loss exponent (CIF), in both line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight environments. Results show that the CI and CIF models provide good estimation and exhibit stable behavior over frequencies and distances, with a solid physical basis and less computational complexity when compared with the FI and ABG models. Furthermore, path loss in outdoor scenarios shows little dependence on frequency beyond the first meter of free space propagation, whereas path loss tends to increase with frequency in addition to the increased free space path loss in indoor environments. Therefore, the CI model is suitable for outdoor environments over multiple frequencies, while the CIF model is more appropriate for indoor modeling. This work shows that both the CI and CIF models use fewer parameters and offer more convenient closed-form expressions suitable for analysis, without compromising model accuracy when compared to current 3GPP and WINNER path loss models.

Measurement-Based Propagation Channel Characteristics for Millimeter-Wave 5G Giga Communication Systems

“…It should be noted that the table shows the mmWave model parameters and the sub-6 GHz model parameters from 3GPP [13] and ITU-R M.2135 [14] that are valid between 2 GHz and 6 GHz. As reported in [21], [29], [33], we can also see that in the CI model, n is nearly constant for frequency variations. For LOS, n is slightly higher than 2 (the free-space path loss exponent) in outdoor UMi environments but slightly lower than 2 in indoor InH environments.…”

“…It should be noted that the significance of this table in this study is that the model parameters are obtained with actual omnidirectional antenna measurements (250-400 samples) in both outdoor and indoor environments. Owing to hardware limitations, path loss has been reported in mmWave bands using directional antennas whose data has been processed to allow for synthesis of an omnidirectional antenna [5], [21], [29], [33], [34].…”

Position Locationing for Millimeter Wave Systems

“…Based on the power received by the RX, its distance from the LOS TX can be estimated using a suitable path loss model [13] for the environment. Based on the 1 m close-in free space CI path loss model [29], the maximum likelihood (ML) distance d ML is:…”

“…New source rays at each boundary were then recursively traced in the reflection and transmission directions to the next encountered obstruction on the propagating ray path. Path loss was calculated based on the CI LOS path loss model [29], with a TR separation distance equal to the total propagated ray length. Reflection and transmission losses at each obstruction were computed based on Fresnel's equations [32].…”

User level performance analysis of multi-hop in-band backhaul for 5G

“…Providing indoor coverage with outdoor APs will be challenging if at all possible since millimeter-waves suffer from much higher penetration loss than lower frequencies [18][19][20][21][22]. Indoor coverage can be provided with indoor APs [23][24][25][26][27], but an AP can provide coverage only for one floor since multi-floor propagation is impossible based on the measurements of [28]. Due to the very little diffraction at millimeter wavelengths, there will be a high probability of a mobile device experiencing outage [14], especially at the edge of the cell.…”