Milk progesterone levels in relation to conception, repeat breeding and factors influencing acyclicity in dairy cows

185

114

The discovery of progesterone (P4) and elucidation of the mechanisms of P4 action have an important place in the history of endocrinology and reproduction. Circulating P4 concentration is determined by a balance between P4 production, primarily by the corpus luteum (CL), and P4 metabolism, primarily by the liver. The volume of luteal tissue and number and function of large luteal cells are primary factors determining P4 production. Rate of P4 metabolism is generally determined by liver blood flow and can be of critical importance in determining circulating P4 concentrations, particularly in dairy cattle. During timed artificial insemination (AI) protocols, elevations in P4 are achieved by increasing number of CL by creating accessory CL or by supplementation with exogenous P4. Dietary manipulations can also alter circulating P4, although practical methods to apply these techniques have not yet been reported. Elevating P4 before the timed AI generally decreases double ovulation and increases fertility to the timed AI. Near the time of AI, slight elevations in circulating P4, possibly due to inadequate luteal regression, can dramatically reduce fertility. After AI, circulating P4 is critical for embryo growth and establishment and maintenance of pregnancy. Many studies have attempted to improve fertility by elevating P4 after timed AI. Our recent meta-analysis and manipulative study indicated small fertility benefits (3% to 3.5%) mostly in primiparous cows. Thus, previous research has provided substantial insight into mechanisms regulating circulating P4 concentrations and actions. Understanding this prior research can focus future research on P4 manipulation to improve reproductive success. Keywords: progesterone, lactating dairy cows, fertility ImplicationsThis manuscript reviews effects of circulating progesterone (P4) on dairy cattle reproduction. Various methods to elevate P4 during growth of the preovulatory follicular wave have been shown to increase pregnancies/ artificial insemination (AI) and reduce double ovulation, providing methods to improve fertility and reduce twinning rate in lactating dairy cattle. Conversely, very low concentrations of P4 near AI are needed to optimize fertility. Finally, elevations of P4 after AI can impact embryonic development and also may elevate fertility. Thus, innovative strategies to optimize circulating P4 concentrations during selected reproductive periods enhance our management tools for improving reproductive efficiency of lactating dairy cows. Discovery of Progesterone (P4)The discovery of P4 begins with a clear description by Regnier deGraaf (1641-1673) of the corpus luteum (CL), calling them 'globules' and correctly surmising (for rabbits) that 'the number of globules equals the number of offspring from a particular mating ' (deGraaf, 1672 in (Jocelyn andSetchell, 1972)). A key discovery came in the laboratory of Gustav Born , an excellent histologist, who observed that the CL was a ductless gland and correctly advanced the idea that it was a gland of internal sec...

Section: Importance Of High P4 After Aimentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological and practical effects of progesterone on reproduction in dairy cattle

Wiltbank

Souza

Carvalho

et al. 2014

185

114

“…Factors contributing to LH pulse frequency in early postpartum dairy cows In dairy cows, the major factors affecting resumption of ovulation include BCS and energy balance (yield and dry matter intake), parity, season and disease (Bulman and Lamming, 1978;Beam and Butler, 1997;Opsomer et al, 2000;Wathes et al, 2007). Energy intake, BCS and milk yield interact to affect energy balance in dairy cows.…”

Section: Anovulatory Anoestrusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parturition to resumption of ovarian cyclicity: comparative aspects of beef and dairy cows

Crowe

Diskin

Williams

2014

100

There is a variable anoestrous period following parturition in the cow. Follicular growth generally resumes within 7 to 10 days in the majority of cows associated with a transient FSH rise that occurs within 3 to 5 days of parturition. Dairy cows that are not nutritionally stressed generally ovulate their first postpartum dominant follicle (~15 days), whereas beef suckler cows in good body condition normally have a mean of 3.2 ± 0.2 dominant follicles (~30 days) to first ovulation; moreover, beef cows in poor body condition have a mean of 10.6 ± 1.2 dominant follicles (~70 to 100 days) to first ovulation. The lack of ovulation of dominant follicles during the postpartum period is associated with infrequent LH pulses, with both maternal-offspring bonding and low body condition score (BCS) at calving being implicated as the predominant causes of delayed resumption of cyclicity in nursed beef cows. In dairy cows, the normal pattern of early resumption of ovulation may be delayed in high-yielding Holstein type cows generally owing to the effects of severe negative energy balance, dystocia, retained placental membranes and uterine infections. First ovulation, in both dairy and beef cows, is generally silent (i.e., no behavioural oestrus) and followed by a short inter-ovulatory interval (>70%). The key to optimizing the resumption of ovulation in both beef and dairy cows is appropriate pre-calving nutrition and management so that cows calve down in optimal body condition (BCS; 2.75 to 3.0) with postpartum body condition loss restricted to < 0.5 BCS units.

“…Many more studies have looked at the association between the concentration of systemic progesterone in the cycle following insemination and embryo loss; however, the findings have been equivocal with some studies reporting a positive association (Ahmad et al, 1996;Starbuck et al, 2001) while others reported no association (Bulman and Lamming, 1978;Lamming et al, 1989). The inconsistencies in some of the earlier studies may have arisen because invariably they compared the mean concentration of progesterone between cows that conceived and those that did not.…”

Section: Progesterone and Embryo Lossmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of progesterone on embryo survival

Morris

Diskin

2008

Increased genetic selection over the past 40 years has resulted in a dairy cow with an improved biological efficiency for producing milk but with an associated reduced fertility. Embryo loss is the greatest factor contributing to the failure of a cow to conceive. The extent and timing of embryo loss indicates that 70% to 80% of this loss occurs in the first 2 weeks after artificial insemination (AI). This is the period when a number of critical phases in embryo development occur and where protein accretion, substrate utilization and embryo metabolism increase dramatically. During this time the early embryo is completely dependent on the oviduct and uterine environment for its survival and it is likely that the embryo requires an optimal uterine environment to ensure normal growth and viability. There is increasing evidence of an association between the concentration of systemic progesterone and early embryo loss and that progesterone supplementation of cows, particularly those with low progesterone, can reduce this loss. While progesterone is known to affect uterine function and embryo growth, little is known about the uterus during the period of early embryo loss and how this is affected by changes in the concentration of systemic progesterone. The expression of uterine genes encoding the transport protein retinol binding protein (RBP) and the gene for folate binding protein (FBP) appear to be sensitive to changes in systemic progesterone, particularly during the early luteal phase of the cycle. Uterine concentrations of proteins also seem to be regulated by stage of cycle; however, their relationship with the systemic concentration of progesterone is unclear. There is an urgent need to characterize the uterine environment from a functional perspective during the early part of the luteal phase of the cycle, particularly in the high-producing cow, in order to understand the factors contributing to early embryo loss and in order to devise strategies to minimize or reduce this loss.