Migration of nonylphenol and plasticizers from polyvinyl chloride stretch film into food simulants, rapeseed oil, and foods

Abstract

Nonylphenol (NP) has been suspected as an endocrine‐disrupting chemical. Japanese polyvinyl chloride (PVC) stretch films contained 0.5–3.3 mg/g of NP and 100–400 mg/g of plasticizers such as diisononyl adipate (DINA), di‐n‐alkyl adipate (DAA), and diacetyllauroyl glycerol (DALG). Migration of NP and plasticizers from PVC stretch films into food simulants (water; 4% acetic acid; 20%, 50%, and 95% ethanol; and heptane), rapeseed oil, and foods was investigated. Plasticizers migrated only in small amounts into aqueous simulants and foods, although they migrated at much higher levels into 50% and 95% ethanol, heptane, rapeseed oil, and fatty foods, whereas NP more easily migrated into aqueous simulants and foods. At 5°C for 24 hr, migration of NP into vegetable and fruit was 2.9%–6.4% of their contents, and that of DINA and DAA was 0.1%–0.3%. The migration ratios of NP into aqueous foods were much higher than those of DINA and DAA. The migration ratio of NP into fatty foods, such as minced tuna and pork, was 33% and 24%, which was almost similar to that of DINA and DAA. The estimated daily intakes of NP and DINA for Japanese individuals of those days were 35 and 1,050 μg, respectively, and should not be associated with any safety concerns.

Assessment of migration regularity of phthalates from food packaging materials

“…In recent years, plasticizers have been commonly used in industrial production because they could enhance the flexibility and improve the properties of plastics (Gao, Zhu, & Luo, 2018; Hubinger, 2010). However, misusing them has caused plenty of food safety accidents frequently, which gives rise to consumer concerns and huge losses to society and enterprises (Kawamura, Ogawa, & Mutsuga, 2017; Mgaya‐Kilima, Remberg, Chove, & Wicklund, 2015).…”

A regression-based model to predict chemical migration from packaging to food

“…The LMM accounts for this relationship, as well as taking into account that lipophilic migrants (higher K OW values) will remain in the packaging (known to be rather lipophilic) rather than migrate when in contact with food with lower EtOH equivalencies (e.g. Kawamura et al [53]). Finally, similarly to the PMM of migration, the LMM predicts an increase in the migrated fraction for higher temperatures and longer contact times.…”

Quantitative investigation of the urinary excretion of three specific monoester metabolites of the plasticizer diisononyl adipate (DINA)

“…Exposure of the general population to DINA is likely, considering its consumer applications, including food contact materials (outside the EU), toys, and child care articles. Migration of DINA from PVC cling film into wrapped food has already been described (Saito et al, 2002[ 45 ]; Tsumura et al, 2003[ 55 ]; Kawamura et al, 2017[ 29 ]; Carlos et al, 2018[ 9 ]). Based on the DINA content of such cling films and the average food consumption, a daily intake of 21 µg/kg bw/d was estimated for the Japanese population from that exposure source (Kawamura et al 2017[ 29 ]).…”

“…Migration of DINA from PVC cling film into wrapped food has already been described (Saito et al, 2002[ 45 ]; Tsumura et al, 2003[ 55 ]; Kawamura et al, 2017[ 29 ]; Carlos et al, 2018[ 9 ]). Based on the DINA content of such cling films and the average food consumption, a daily intake of 21 µg/kg bw/d was estimated for the Japanese population from that exposure source (Kawamura et al 2017[ 29 ]). In Germany, however, DINA has been detected only in 5 % of house dust samples from daycare centers with a maximum concentration of 34 mg/kg, and thus at much lower incidence rates and concentrations than other plasticizers such as DEHP (Fromme et al, 2016[ 25 ]).…”