Migration of hazardous contaminants from WEEE contaminated polymeric toy material by mouthing

Brandsma, S.H.; Leonards, P.E.G.; Koekkoek, Jacco; Samsonek, J.; Puype, Franky

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133774

Cited by 22 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…5, 7, 11, 13 and 14) may indicate that these products could contain a recycled fraction of WEEE [ 50 ]. This improper recycling may lead to unnecessary exposure of children to FRs and other additives [ 51 , 52 , 53 ]. Potentially toxic additives present in these children’s toys may exceed EU and US regulatory levels [ 10 , 12 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Rapid Screening Method for the Detection of Additives in Electronics and Plastic Consumer Products Using AP-MALDI-qTOF-MS

Jonker

Leonards

Lamoree

et al. 2023

Toxics

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A novel method was developed and optimized for the fast-screening analysis of additives in electronics and plastic consumer products using atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (AP-MALDI) coupled with a high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight (qTOF) mass spectrometer (MS). To simplify sample preparation and increase sample throughput, an innovative 48 well graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) doped AP-MALDI target plate was developed. The GNP incorporated in the target plate fulfilled the role of the MALDI matrix and, therefore, sample extracts could be directly transferred to the AP-MALDI 48 well target plate and analyzed without a subsequent matrix addition. The homogeneously dispersed and immobilized GNP target plates also provided increased signal intensity and reproducibility. Furthermore, analytical standards of various plastic additives and plastic products with known concentrations of additives were studied to assess the AP-MALDI ionization mechanisms and method capability. The analysis time was 15 s per measurement using an automated sequence. The GNP-doped target plates exhibited high desorption/ionization of low molecular weight molecules (<1000 Da) and can be used in both positive and negative ionization modes. The AP-MALDI-qTOF-MS method was applied to screen for additives in various electronics and plastic consumer products. Suspect screening was performed using a database containing 1366 compounds. A total of 56 additives including antioxidants, flame retardants, plasticizers, UV-stabilizers, and UV-filters were identified (confidence level 4). Identification of certain plastic additives in plastic children’s toys may indicate that they are recycled from waste electronic and electronic equipment (WEEE).

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Rapid Screening Method for the Detection of Additives in Electronics and Plastic Consumer Products Using AP-MALDI-qTOF-MS

Jonker

Leonards

Lamoree

et al. 2023

Toxics

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“…Three previous studies reported the occurrence of LCCP homologue groups in technical CP mixtures. ,, Two of them reported >C 20 Cl 10 -LCCPs as the predominant LCCP homologue group in some technical CP mixtures. , This seems to be the case for most of our samples, where further LCCP homologue groups were detected by LC–ESI–QTOF–MS. >C 20 Cl 10 -LCCPs have also been found in environmental and human samples worldwide, − including samples from the Arctic, and in manufactured products. , Sample no. 21 was the only technical mixture with vSCCPs detected.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…15,25 This seems to be the case for most of our samples, where further LCCP homologue groups were detected by LC−ESI−QTOF− MS. >C 20 Cl 10 -LCCPs have also been found in environmental and human samples worldwide, 39−45 including samples from the Arctic, 46 and in manufactured products. 47,48 Sample no. 21 was the only technical mixture with vSCCPs detected.…”

Section: ■ Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Homologue Composition of Technical Chlorinated Paraffins Used in Several Countries over the Last 50 Years─SCCPs Are Still Out There

Guida,

Matsukami,

Oliveira de Carvalho

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…TBBPA has been reported in a variety of other studies including dishcloths (Gallisti et al, 2017), plastic toys (Brandsma et al, 2022;Fatunsin et al, 2020), cosmetics (Pawar et al, 2017), camping tents (Keller et al, 2014), thermo cups and kitchen utensils (Samsonek and Puype, 2013), e-Cigarette Liquids (Wei et al, 2019), the surface of phones and personal computers (Zheng et al, 2017). These studies suggest that these sources of exposure are less important in terms of overall exposure for most of the population when compared to diet or dust.…”

Section: Non-dietary Sources Of Exposurementioning

confidence: 90%

Update of the scientific opinion on tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and its derivatives in food

Schrenk,

Bignami,

Bodin

et al. 2024

EFS2

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The European Commission asked EFSA to update its 2011 risk assessment on tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and five derivatives in food. Neurotoxicity and carcinogenicity were considered as the critical effects of TBBPA in rodent studies. The available evidence indicates that the carcinogenicity of TBBPA occurs via non‐genotoxic mechanisms. Taking into account the new data, the CONTAM Panel considered it appropriate to set a tolerable daily intake (TDI). Based on decreased interest in social interaction in male mice, a lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) of 0.2 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day was identified and selected as the reference point for the risk characterisation. Applying the default uncertainty factor of 100 for inter‐ and intraspecies variability, and a factor of 3 to extrapolate from the LOAEL to NOAEL, a TDI for TBBPA of 0.7 μg/kg bw per day was established. Around 2100 analytical results for TBBPA in food were used to estimate dietary exposure for the European population. The most important contributors to the chronic dietary LB exposure to TBBPA were fish and seafood, meat and meat products and milk and dairy products. The exposure estimates to TBBPA were all below the TDI, including those estimated for breastfed and formula‐fed infants. Accounting for the uncertainties affecting the assessment, the CONTAM Panel concluded with 90%–95% certainty that the current dietary exposure to TBBPA does not raise a health concern for any of the population groups considered. There were insufficient data on the toxicity of any of the TBBPA derivatives to derive reference points, or to allow a comparison with TBBPA that would support assignment to an assessment group for the purposes of combined risk assessment.

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Migration of hazardous contaminants from WEEE contaminated polymeric toy material by mouthing

Cited by 22 publications

References 48 publications

A Rapid Screening Method for the Detection of Additives in Electronics and Plastic Consumer Products Using AP-MALDI-qTOF-MS

A Rapid Screening Method for the Detection of Additives in Electronics and Plastic Consumer Products Using AP-MALDI-qTOF-MS

Homologue Composition of Technical Chlorinated Paraffins Used in Several Countries over the Last 50 Years─SCCPs Are Still Out There

Update of the scientific opinion on tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and its derivatives in food

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