Migration of Bisphenol A from Can Coatings into Beverages at the End of Shelf Life Compared to Regulated Test Conditions

Abstract

Beverage cans are used for energy drinks, soft-drinks, sparkling waters, and beer. Bisphenol A is still part of the formulation of epoxy coatings of beverage cans. Due to concerns that bisphenol A acts as an endocrine-active substance, the migration of bisphenol A is restricted. Typically, the migration from beverage cans is tested at elevated temperatures into food simulants, like 20% ethanol in water. However, comparison tests of the migration of bisphenol A at the end of shelf life, with the migration into ethanolic food simulants, are not available in the scientific literature. The aim of the study was to determine the migration of the migration of bisphenol A into real beverages, compared to routine migration tests into the European official food simulant of 20% ethanol at 40 °C and 60 °C after storage for 10 days. As a result, bisphenol A-containing coatings show a considerably higher migration when tested at 60 °C in comparison to 40 °C. On the other hand, migration into energy drinks and coke, from the same coatings at the end of shelf life when stored at room temperature, was below the detection limit in either case. As expected, migration values of bisphenol A below the analytical detection limits were observed for any test conditions from the coating labeled bisphenol A-free. Spiking tests show that bisphenol A is stable in real beverages. Therefore, it can be concluded that the accelerated migration tests with 20% ethanol at the test conditions 10 d at 40 °C and 10 d at 60 °C significantly overestimate the real migration into beverages at the end of shelf life. This overestimation of the migration of bisphenol A is due to swelling of the epoxy can coating by the ethanolic food simulant. These findings were supported by migration modeling based on diffusion coefficients predicted for polyethylene terephthalate.

Enhancing the functional properties of acetylated hemicellulose films for active food packaging using acetylated nanocellulose reinforcement and polycaprolactone coating

“…4b and d) into the fatty and acidic simulant, which is a desirable outcome for theoretical estimation of polyphenol release. Several researchers have highlighted that theoretical migration models that overestimate the release of antioxidants into food are useful for the preliminary design of active food packaging to avoid exceeding the allowable antioxidant concentration limit for food (Gavriil et al, 2018;Stärker & Welle, 2019). Underestimation of the polyphenol release by the models may result in the development of packaging material that releases antioxidants into food in concentrations higher than the allowable limit (Gavriil et al, 2018;Stärker & Welle, 2019).…”

“…Several researchers have highlighted that theoretical migration models that overestimate the release of antioxidants into food are useful for the preliminary design of active food packaging to avoid exceeding the allowable antioxidant concentration limit for food (Gavriil et al, 2018;Stärker & Welle, 2019). Underestimation of the polyphenol release by the models may result in the development of packaging material that releases antioxidants into food in concentrations higher than the allowable limit (Gavriil et al, 2018;Stärker & Welle, 2019). The exposure of consumers to antioxidants higher than the allowable limit (60 mg/kg of food) can be a health hazard (Beigmohammadi et al, 2016;EU, 2011;.…”

An overview of chemical contaminants and other undesirable chemicals in alcoholic beverages and strategies for analysis

“…QuEChERS or modified QuEChERS are also employed for analyzing agricultural contaminants and acrylamide in beer and wine (Bogdanova et al., 2018; He et al., 2019), as well as techniques such as dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) for phthalates in wine (Fan, Liu, & Xie, 2014). Direct injection or injection after minimal preparation is also possible and has been done in beer, wine, and liquors, for multiple contaminant types (Akıllıoglu et al., 2011; Barbaste, Medina, & Perez‐Trujillo, 2003; Masson et al., 2012; Nagatomi et al., 2012; Pereira et al., 2011; Rejczak & Tuzimski, 2017; Shimizu et al., 2001; Stachova et al., 2016; Stärker & Welle, 2019; Xie et al., 2015). For the analysis of mycotoxins in beer or wine, immunoaffinity columns can be used for cleanup (Bryła, Ksieniewicz‐Woźniak, Waśkiewicz, Szymczyk, & Jędrzejczak, 2018; Di Stefano et al., 2015; Mably et al., 2005; Nigussie, Bekele, Fekadu Gemede, & Zewdu Woldegiorgis, 2018).…”

“…For pesticides, nitrogen–phosphorus detectors (NPD) can be used, which has been demonstrated in wine (Cabras et al., 1999; Słowik‐Borowiec & Szpyrka, 2018). But by far, methods using MS or tandem MS predominate and are the most versatile, with methods utilizing LC–MS having been developed for a variety of contaminants in alcohol, including photoinitiators, process contaminants, mycotoxins, and pesticides (Bogdanova et al., 2018; Čuš et al., 2010; He et al., 2019; Inoue et al., 2013b; Klejdus et al., 2006; Nagatomi et al., 2012; Stärker & Welle, 2019).…”

“…(2008) also reported presence of photoinitiator compounds, isopropyl‐thioxanthone and benzophenone, in red and white wine products, and postulated that it may be due to their use on the external surface of packaging or in the production of PE films and the subsequent migration of these compounds upon contact. BPA and other bisphenols have been detected in beers and there is evidence suggesting migration of compounds from the epoxy layer of cans to the beverage within (Cao, Corriveau, & Popovic, 2010; Xie et al., 2015), though others refute these findings and claim that the can linings are largely stable under normal storage conditions (Stärker & Welle, 2019). Glass materials may also be a contributor as it has been reported that glass enamels may contain trace metals such as lead and cadmium; however, this should pose a minor risk as such materials are often on the exterior surface, and should not be able to traverse the glass layer (Turner, 2018, 2019).…”