Migration, class and environmental inequality: Exposure to pollution in China's Jiangsu Province

Schoolman, Ethan D.; Ma, Chunbo

doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.01.015

Cited by 78 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Thus, residents living in cities with large populations bear a heavier industrial pollution burden, which is partly because the locations for industrial facilities tend to be chosen based on the presence of a complete and mature infrastructure, such as traffic facilities and factories, as well as a high level of market demand and an abundant labour force, such as that found in megacities. The coefficients of midsch i are also positive and significant in all regressions, which is highly consistent with the results of Ma (2010) [18] and Schoolman and Ma (2012) [19]. Table 2.…”

Section: Baseline Resultssupporting

confidence: 77%

“…Notably, the estimation results related to migrants are different from those observed by Ma (2010) [18] and Schoolman and Ma (2012) [19], which necessitates a systematic interpretation. The data associated with migrants used in previous studies [18,19] were collected from the 2000 China census; at that time, migrants were mainly engaged in labour-intensive industries that produce high levels of pollution, such as the mining and textile industries.…”

Section: Modelmentioning

confidence: 75%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Environmental Inequality in China: A “Pyramid Model” and Nationwide Pilot Analysis of Prefectures with Sources of Industrial Pollution

Fang

Han

et al. 2017

Sustainability

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Abstract:In China, environmental pollution generated via industrialization as well as profound changes in the social structure and the gradual maturation of the social hierarchy have jointly contributed to the Chinese people's increased environmental consciousness and appeals for environmental justice (EJ). Because of the absence of an EJ theory and a lack of empirical research focused on China, this paper proposes a "Pyramid Model" for EJ research in China that includes the following three factors: basic demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, U.S.-based EJ principles, and Chinese characteristics. A nationwide pilot analysis of environmental inequality at the prefecture level is conducted by empirically examining the association between the demographic variables and socioeconomic status with sources of industrial pollution in China. The prefecture-based results are shown to be robust, and they indicate that areas inhabited by ethnic minorities and western regions of China carry disproportionate environmental burdens. However, a different picture for migrants is presented, revealing that Chinese migrants are not currently exposed to greater levels of industrial pollution. Relevant interpretations of these findings are provided. The results also show that environmental inequality associated with income level, which is observed in the U.S., does not occur in China.

show abstract

Section: Baseline Resultssupporting

confidence: 77%

Section: Modelmentioning

confidence: 75%

Environmental Inequality in China: A “Pyramid Model” and Nationwide Pilot Analysis of Prefectures with Sources of Industrial Pollution

Fang

Han

et al. 2017

Sustainability

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The dummy variable of D t is significant at 1% level of significance in most of the models in Table 4, which suggests that the incidence of industrial pollution in 2012 was higher than in 2008. Population density is also found to have statistically significant and positive coefficient on industrial pollution incidence, which is in agreement with the prior studies (Lu & Zhong, 2009;Schoolman & Ma, 2012). Population density is significant in all of the models in Table 4.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 81%

“…Lu and Zhong (2009) found that cancer villages tend to cluster along the major rivers and their branches with high population density, which also are the prime location choices for industries that require cheap water, labor, and transportation. In an analysis of the locations and emissions of polluting facilities in China's Jiangsu province, Schoolman and Ma (2012) find that townships with a higher percentage of rural migrants are more likely to be exposed to high levels of air and water pollution.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

The bittersweet fruits of industrialization in rural China: The cost of environment and the benefit from off-farm employment

Liu

Huang

Zikhali

2016

China Economic Review

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“…Nevertheless, residual contamination in the wider urban environment might still be an issue [34,35], particularly to the poorer member of a society, including migrant groups, who are over represented in the less developed and more deprived parts of the urban landscape [36,37]. Environmental conditions: Pb is still used in many industries, including construction, mining and manufacturing, particularly in lower income countries [38].…”

Section: Causes Of Ill Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environment and Human Health: The Challenge of Uncertainty in Risk Assessment

Stewart

Hursthouse

2018

Geosciences

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High quality and accurate environmental investigations and analysis are essential to any assessment of contamination and to the decision-making process thereafter. Remediation decisions may be focused by health outcomes, whether already present or a predicted risk. The variability inherent in environmental media and analysis can be quantified statistically; uncertainty in models can be reduced by additional research; deep uncertainty exists when environmental or biomedical processes are not understood, or agreed upon, or remain uncharacterized. Deep uncertainty is common where health and environment interact. Determinants of health operate from the individual's genes to the international level; often several levels act synergistically. We show this in detail for lead (Pb). Pathways, exposure, dose and response also vary, modifying certainty. Multi-disciplinary approaches, built on high-quality environmental investigations, enable the management of complex and uncertain situations. High quality, accurate environmental investigations into pollution issues remain the cornerstone of understanding attributable health outcomes and developing appropriate responses and remediation. However, they are not sufficient on their own, needing careful integration with the wider contexts and stakeholder agendas, without which any response to the environmental assessment may very well founder. Such approaches may benefit more people than any other strategy.

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Migration, class and environmental inequality: Exposure to pollution in China's Jiangsu Province

Cited by 78 publications

References 41 publications

Environmental Inequality in China: A “Pyramid Model” and Nationwide Pilot Analysis of Prefectures with Sources of Industrial Pollution

Environmental Inequality in China: A “Pyramid Model” and Nationwide Pilot Analysis of Prefectures with Sources of Industrial Pollution

The bittersweet fruits of industrialization in rural China: The cost of environment and the benefit from off-farm employment

Environment and Human Health: The Challenge of Uncertainty in Risk Assessment

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